ADHD Medication: Stimulants vs. Nonstimulants

People living with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have difficulty controlling impulsive behaviors and paying attention. If you or a loved one have an ADHD diagnosis or suspect you may have ADHD, it's good to know your available treatment options.

Two of the most common types of ADHD medications are stimulants and nonstimulants. Both types come with their own risks, benefits and side effects. Keep reading to discover the differences.

Stimulant Medications for ADHD

Stimulants are the most common type of medication used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and work effectively for approximately 70 to 80% of people who take them. They work by increasing your dopamine and norepinephrine levels quickly, and that boost helps reduce your ADHD symptoms. Some stimulants also can increase your alertness, energy and attention span.

Types of Stimulant Medications

Stimulants are available in short-acting and extended-release formulas and are derived from amphetamine or methylphenidate. Short-acting or immediate-release ADHD medications typically last four to six hours, whereas long-acting, extended-release medications can last eight to 16 hours.

Stimulant ADHD medications are available in multiple forms, including:

• Capsules
• Chewable tablets
• Liquid formulas
• Tablets
• Transdermal patches

Side Effects and Potential Risks of Stimulant Medications

Side effects of stimulant ADHD medications are more common with higher prescribed doses but can include:

• Anxiety
• Dry mouth
• Headache
• Insomnia or other sleep issues
• Irritability
• Loss of appetite
• Nervousness
• Weight loss or trouble gaining weight in children

Other rare but serious side effects of stimulant medications can include addiction, psychosis, seizures or sudden cardiac death. Because of their addictive effects, stimulant medications are considered controlled substances and should be taken with caution. Your health care provider will monitor you carefully to ensure you find the safest, most effective treatment to meet your health needs.

If you believe you or someone you love is experiencing a stimulant overdose, call 911 or visit your nearest AdventHealth emergency room right away.

Nonstimulant Medications for ADHD

Approximately 20-30% of people with ADHD do not notice a beneficial difference when using stimulant medications, which is why there are a handful of other options available. Like stimulants, nonstimulant medications for ADHD are also prescription medications and they treat the same types of symptoms, but unlike stimulants, nonstimulant medicines aren't classified as controlled substances. This means a person is less likely to become dependent on them or misuse them. Nonstimulant medications are most often prescribed to patients who are unable to take stimulants for whatever reason or those who didn't respond to previous forms of stimulants.

Types of Nonstimulant Medications

Nonstimulant medications also work to control ADHD symptoms by increasing norepinephrine levels in the brain. There are four varieties of nonstimulant medicines used for ADHD:

• Atomoxetine
• Clonidine
• Guanfacine
• Viloxazine

Each variety offers similar results, but some are more commonly prescribed to children or adults. Your doctor will help you navigate your diagnosis and find which works best for you.

Nonstimulant ADHD medications are available in:

• Capsules
• Extended-release tablets
• Liquid formulas
• Tablets

Side Effects and Potential Risks of Nonstimulant Medications

Side effects you may experience while taking nonstimulant medications may include:

• Abdominal discomfort or upset stomach
• Dizziness
• Dry mouth
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Irritability
• Lack of appetite
• Low blood pressure
• Sleepiness

Other less common but serious side effects include an increased risk of serotonin syndrome, heart rhythm changes and suicidal ideation. If you experience any of these symptoms, call 911 for immediate emergency care.

Side effects may vary in severity and you may not experience every side effect. Your doctor will monitor you closely, especially in the first month of treatment, to see how you respond to your medication.

We're Here to Help You Manage ADHD

Your whole health is our highest priority and our behavioral health specialists are here to answer your questions and offer comprehensive ADHD care as you navigate your diagnosis. Learn more about our behavioral health program today.

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