European Society of Cardiology issues new hypertension guidelines

Guidelines recommend intensified BP targets and a new category of Elevated Blood Pressure to better identify people at risk of heart attack and stroke

The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) has today released updated guidelines on the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension to better identify people at risk of heart attack and stroke.

The new guidelines include a new category of Elevated Blood Pressure, more ambitious and intensive treatment targets, and, for the first time, recommendations on the use of renal denervation to treat various forms of hypertension.

The guidelines have been produced by an international panel of experts, including co-chairpersons, Professor Bill McEvoy of University of Galway, and Professor Rhian Touyz of McGill University, Canada.

This is the first time that an Irish academic has led a major European clinical practice guideline on the treatment of elevated blood pressure and hypertension, which has potential implications for more than 700 million Europeans.

Professor McEvoy is also first author on the principal results paper for the INTERASPIRE research study which is being published in the European Heart Journal and coincides with the ESC Congress in London today, Friday August 30^th, the world's largest gathering of cardiovascular professionals.

In the INTERASPIRE global study, 61% of participants with heart disease did not have their blood pressure controlled.

Professor McEvoy's dual roles as co-Chair of the ESC Guidelines and co-principal investigator on INTERASPIRE are closely connected. His work in the creation of the guidelines establishes evidence-based care standards, while his leadership in INTERASPIRE provides real-world data on blood pressure management in coronary disease patients worldwide and his work on this study bridges the gap between ideal clinical practices and actual global outcomes.

Key takeaways from the updated ESC guidelines on hypertension:

• A new systolic blood pressure (BP) treatment target range of 120-129 mmHg for most patients receiving BP lowering medication.

By placing the emphasis on an intensive treatment target as the first step in managing most patients, and only opting out of this target in select circumstances or when treatment is not tolerated by the patient, these 2024 guidelines represent a paradigm shift from previous European guidelines.

The guidelines also provide pragmatic recommendations to pursue a BP that is 'as low as reasonably achievable' in patients who are unable to tolerate or who opt out of the intensive treatment target.

• The definition of hypertension remains BP ≥140/90 mmHg, however, the guidelines introduce a new category of 'Elevated Blood Pressure' which is defined as a BP 120-139/70-89 mmHg. More patients at risk of heart attack and stroke will be identified by the new category.
• The new 'Elevated Blood Pressure' category is introduced to facilitate consideration of more intensive blood pressure treatment targets among people at increased risk for cardiovascular disease.

• The updated guidelines introduce recommendations for new lifestyle options to help lower BP, such as new guidance on exercise and potassium supplementation.

• For the first time the ESC Hypertension Guidelines provide recommendations of the use of renal denervation to treat hypertension.

Elevated blood pressure and hypertension are by far the most common and important risk factors for heart attack and stroke (otherwise known as cardiovascular disease). As many as 45% of European adults have hypertension.

The new 2024 ESC Guidelines are designed to get more patients to an evidence-based blood pressure treatment target and to increase the eligibility for blood pressure lowering medications to match the best current evidence from clinical trials.

They also provide numerous pragmatic recommendations to avoid patients becoming symptomatic from overtreatment.

Professor McEvoy, Professor of Preventive Cardiology at University of Galway and Medical and Research Director of NIPC, said: "The new category of Elevated Blood Pressure recognises that people do not go from normal BP to hypertensive overnight.

"It is in most cases a steady gradient of change, and different subgroups of patients - for example those at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease such as people living with diabetes - could benefit from more intensive treatment before their blood pressure reaches the traditional threshold of hypertension."

Professor Rhian Touyz of McGill University, Canada, said: "The risks associated with increased blood pressure, start at systolic blood pressure levels even below 120 mmHg."

In another major change, the 2024 ESC Guidelines introduce a new systolic BP treatment target range of 120-129 mmHg for most patients receiving BP-lowering medication, with the important proviso that the new target requires that treatment is well tolerated. The 2024 ESC Guidelines also provide pragmatic recommendations on a systolic BP target 'as low as reasonably achievable' (known as the ALARA principle) in frail and older people and in those not tolerating the primary treatment target of 120-129 mmHg. The guidelines focus more on 'frailty' of individuals rather than chronological age.

Professor McEvoy said: "This change is driven by new trial evidence confirming that more intensive BP treatment targets reduce CVD outcomes across a broad spectrum of eligible patients."

This new systolic BP treatment target of 120-129 represents a paradigm shift from prior European guidelines, including the 2018 ESC/ESH Hypertension guidelines, the 2021 ESC Prevention Guidelines, and the 2023 ESH Hypertension guidelines.

Specifically, whereas prior guidelines generally recommended patients be treated to a BP <140/90 mmHg in the first instance and only thereafter be considered for treatment to <130/80 mmHg (a 2-step approach) the new 2024 guidelines recommend that most patients be treated to a systolic BP of 120-129 mmHg in the first instance (those who cannot tolerate this target can have it relaxed).

In part to accommodate this new more intensive systolic blood pressure treatment target range, the 2024 ESC Guidelines provide stronger recommendations than prior guidelines for the use of out-of-office blood pressure measurements (including ambulatory BP monitors and validated home BP monitors).

The 2024 Guidelines also, for the first time, make recommendations on the use of renal denervation for treatment of hypertension. Due to lack of evidence regarding cardiovascular outcomes benefit, the guidelines do not recommend this medical procedure as first line treatment, and nor is it recommended for patients with highly impaired renal function, (eGFR <40 mL/min/1.73 m2) or secondary causes of hypertension.

On renal denervation, the guidelines say: "To reduce BP, and if performed at a medium-to-high volume centre, catheter-based renal denervation may be considered for patients with resistant hypertension who have BP that is uncontrolled despite a three BP-lowering drug combination (including a thiazide or thiazide-like diuretic), and who express a preference to undergo renal denervation after a shared risk-benefit discussion and multidisciplinary assessment."

Professor Touyz explained: "These evidence-based recommendations provide guidance for clinicians and their patients on the use of this important new technology. However, it must be stressed that this procedure needs to be undertaken in a centre where there is expertise and experience."

The ESC Guidelines also update dietary advice on sodium and potassium intake and further emphasise the importance of life-style modifications for patients in a range of different circumstances and stages of CVD and chronic kidney disease.

The Guidelines also highlight the importance of sex and gender differences in hypertension and integrate this throughout the document, rather than as a separate section, as in most other guidelines.

The full study in the European Heart Journal is available here.

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