Army Corps of Engineers: Additional Steps Needed to Implement Acceleration Reforms

What GAO Found

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) conducts feasibility studies as a key initial step in determining whether and how to undertake a project to develop water resources-for example, to improve navigation channels or manage flood risks. The full feasibility study process is generally to be completed within 3 years, but the Corps has historically experienced delays in doing so.

The Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 contains 19 provisions to accelerate the completion of feasibility studies. GAO grouped these provisions into three general categories: coordination and administration, environmental review, and public transparency. The Corps has taken steps to address 15 of the provisions, including all of the 12 provisions in two categories-coordination and administration, and environmental review. However, the Corps has not taken steps to address four of the seven provisions in the public transparency category (see figure).

Number of the Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 Feasibility Study Acceleration Reform Provisions, per Category, the Corps Has Taken Steps to Address as of May 2024

Corps officials cited a lack of funding as one reason for not implementing some of these provisions, stating there have been no funds appropriated specifically for the implementation of the provisions since the act's inception. However, the Corps has not communicated its identified funding needs to Congress. Until the Corps does so, Congress may not understand the Corps' resource needs and the Corps may remain unable to obtain or publish some information that it is required to make publicly available.

Officials that GAO interviewed from agencies that partner with the Corps on water resources development projects stated that the Corps has continued to collaborate with them to implement the acceleration provisions. However, they cited some negative effects of the Corps' implementation of the provisions. For example, officials from the Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service both stated that they faced increased time pressures in contributing to and completing feasibility studies.

The Corps has not evaluated the impacts of accelerating feasibility studies. Without doing so, the Corps cannot identify negative impacts and take actions to address or mitigate them. GAO recommended in July 2019 that the Corps develop a plan to comprehensively evaluate the impacts of accelerating feasibility studies, and the Corps agreed with this recommendation. However, as of May 2024, the Corps has not yet implemented the recommendation. Such a plan would improve the Corps' ability to evaluate the effects on project delivery, compliance with environmental laws, and the projects' environmental impacts.

Why GAO Did This Study

Historically, the Corps' feasibility studies for water resources development projects have taken years, or even decades, to move from conception to completion. In section 1005 of the Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014, Congress set forth provisions to accelerate these studies and improve public transparency of those studies, among other things. The act also includes a provision for GAO to assess the Corps' reforms in response to these provisions and report to Congress 5 and 10 years after the legislation's enactment.

In July 2019, GAO reported on the Corps' initial steps toward these reforms. This report is the follow-up to the 2019 report. It examines steps the Corps has taken since 2019 to implement the feasibility study acceleration reform provisions and assess their impact, and it describes impacts identified by Corps partners. GAO reviewed the statutory provisions, as well as Corps policy and guidance documents. GAO also interviewed officials from the Corps and two partner agencies. GAO compared the information obtained to the statutory requirements of each provision.

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