Annual Report for Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 2024 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2024

OR

For the transition period from _____________ to _______________

Commission File Number: 000-56459

VWF Bancorp, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

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Registrant'stelephone number, including area code: (419) 238-9662

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ◻ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ◻ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐No ⌧

The aggregate market value of the voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing price of $14.00 for the common stock on December 31, 2023, was approximately $18.2 million. The registrant has no non-voting shares. For purposes of this calculation, shares of common stock held by directors, officers and 5 percent stockholders known to the registrant have been deeded to be owned by affiliates, but this should not be construed as an admission that any such person possesses the power, direct or indirect, to direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of the registrant or that such person is controlled by ore under common control with the registrant.

As of September 27, 2024, the Registrant had 1,951,765 shares of common stock issued, of which 1,914,965 are outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.

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PART I

ITEM 1.Business

Forward Looking Statements

This annual report contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of words such as such "estimate," "project," "believe," "intend," "anticipate," "plan," "seek," "expect," "will," "would," "should," "could" or "may," and words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on such statements. We are under no duty to and do not take any obligation to update any forward-looking statements after the date of this annual report.

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:

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Because of these and a wide variety of other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements.

As used in this report, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms "we," "our," "us," or the "Company" refer to VWF Bancorp, Inc., and the term the "Bank" refers to Van Wert Federal Savings Bank, the wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. In addition, unless the context otherwise requires, references to the operations of the Company include the operations of the Bank.

VWF Bancorp, Inc.

VWF Bancorp, Inc. was incorporated in February 2022 to become the holding company for Van Wert Federal Savings Bank upon the conversion of Van Wert Federal from the mutual form of organization to the stock form of organization (the "Conversion"). The Conversion was completed on July 13, 2022. In connection with the Conversion, the Company sold 1,922,924 shares of common stock at a price of $10.00 per share.

The Company is a registered savings and loan holding company subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the "Federal Reserve Board"). The Company conducts its operations primarily through its wholly owned subsidiary, Van Wert Federal Savings Bank, a federally-chartered savings bank. The Company's principal office is located at 976 South Shannon Street, Van Wert, Ohio 45891, and our telephone number at that address is (419) 238-9662. Our website address is www.vanwertfederal.com. Information on our website is not and should not be considered a part of this annual report.

Van Wert Federal Savings Bank

Effective August 1, 2024, the Bank completed rebranding efforts and changed its name from Van Wert Federal Savings Bank to GreenWay Bank. The Bank is a federally-chartered savings bank headquartered in Van Wert, Ohio. The Bank currently conducts its business from its main offices in Van Wert, Ohio and Fort Wayne, Indiana. We are primarily

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engaged in attracting deposits from the general public and using those funds to invest in loans and securities. Our principal sources of funds are customer deposits, repayments of loans, maturities of investments, brokered deposits, and funds borrowed from outside sources such as Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") of Cincinnati and the Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB") of Cleveland under the Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP"). These funds are primarily used for the origination of loans, including single-family residential first mortgage loans, commercial real estate mortgage loans, commercial and industrial loans, construction and land loans and other loans. Our primary revenue source is interest earned on loans and investment securities. Noninterest income is not a significant revenue source. Our primary expenses are compensation and benefits, interest expense on deposits and borrowings and other general operating expenses.

Historically, the Bank was a traditional thrift institution with an emphasis on long-term single-family residential first mortgage loans secured by residences located in our traditional market area centered in Van Wert, Ohio. Our business strategy is to enhance our products and services and embrace a full-service community bank model by re-focusing our efforts to attract a greater number of small to mid-sized businesses and business professionals in our market area and to increase our holdings of commercial real estate loans and commercial and industrial loans. Commercial real estate loans and commercial and industrial loans are deemed attractive due to their generally higher yields and shorter anticipated lives compared to single-family residential mortgage loans.

The Bank is subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the "OCC") and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the "FDIC") and is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank system.

Market Area and Competition

Historically, our business focus has centered on areas within a short drive from our banking headquarters in Van Wert County, located in northwest Ohio. We expanded our branch office network into Allen County, located in northeast Indiana by opening our Fort Wayne office branch in April 2024. In the future, we expect to increase our penetration in Allen County, Indiana with a focus on servicing small to mid-sized businesses and professionals.

Van Wert County is primarily rural, but it has a mix of manufacturing and agriculture. Major manufacturers include Tenneco, Inc. and Danfoss, which are major employers. Other major employers are Braun Industries, Central Mutual Insurance Company, Cooper Farms, Van Wert County Hospital, and local school districts. Agricultural production is primarily focused on corn, soybeans and wheat. Allen County has a strong history in manufacturing but has diversified into other key industries including specialty insurance, medical device and technology, healthcare, vehicles, design and craftsmanship, logistics and e-commerce, food and beverage and advanced materials.

We face significant competition in originating loans and attracting deposits. This competition stems primarily from large money center and regional banks, community banks and savings institutions, and credit unions. We also face competition for loans from mortgage banking firms, consumer finance companies, credit unions, and fintech companies and, with respect to deposits, from money market funds, brokerage firms, mutual funds and insurance companies.

Lending Activities

General. Our loan portfolio consists residential mortgage loans, commercial real estate loans, agricultural real estate loans, construction and land loans, commercial and industrial loans, home equity lines of credit, and consumer loans. We originate loans for retention in our portfolio and generally do not sell loans. In recent years, we have increased our focus on originating higher yielding commercial real estate loans and commercial and industrial loans. We offer both adjustable-rate and fixed-rate residential mortgage loans. However, historically a significant majority of the residential real estate loans which we have originated are long-term, fixed-rate loans that generally conform to secondary market guidelines.

Commercial real estate loans and commercial and industrial loans have not historically comprised a significant portion of our total loan portfolio. While we expect that one- to four-family residential real estate lending will continue to be an

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emphasis of our lending operations, we intend to increase our emphasis on commercial real estate loans and commercial and industrial loans in an effort to increase the yield on our loan portfolio and diversify our loan portfolio.

Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of our loan portfolio by type of loan at the dates indicated. There were no loans held-for-sale at any date indicated.

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Contractual Maturities. The following table sets forth the contractual maturities of our total loan portfolio at June 30, 2024. Demand loans, loans having no stated repayment schedule or maturity, and overdraft loans are reported as being due in one year or less. Because the tables present contractual maturities and do not reflect repricing or the effect of prepayments, actual maturities may differ.

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The following table sets forth our fixed and adjustable-rate loans at June 30, 2024 that are contractually due after June 30, 2024.

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Residential Mortgage Lending. At June 30, 2024 we had $69.8 million of loans secured by residential real estate, or 53.9% of total loans. The significant majority of our one- to four-family residential real estate loans are secured by properties located in our primary market area. At June 30, 2024, $1.3 million, or 1.0% of residential mortgage loans, were secured by non-owner occupied properties.

Our one- to four-family residential real estate loans are generally underwritten to secondary market guidelines. We offer both fixed-rate and adjustable rate residential mortgage loans for terms up to 30 years. Existing adjustable-rate loans originated prior to July 2023 are tied to the National Average Contract Mortgage Rate published by the Federal Housing Finance Agency. As of July 2023, adjustable-rate mortgages are tied to the Weekly Average Yield of the 1-year Constant Maturity Index published by HSH.com. For adjustable-rate loans, the interest rate is fixed for the initial terms of five, seven or 10 years, and then adjusts yearly thereafter with an adjustable-rate cap of 2% and a lifetime rate cap of 6%. We generally limit the loan-to-value ratios of our residential mortgage loans to 80% (90% for borrowers with a FICO credit score of 720 or higher and 97% with private mortgage insurance) of the purchase price or appraised value, whichever is lower.

We do not offer "interest only" residential mortgage loans, where the borrower pays interest for an initial period, after which the loan converts to a fully amortizing loan. We also do not offer loans that provide for negative amortization of principal, such as "Option ARM" loans, where the borrower can pay less than the interest owed on the loan, resulting in an increased principal balance during the life of the loan. We do not currently offer "subprime loans" on one- to four-family residential real estate loans (i.e., generally loans to borrowers with credit scores less than 620). At June 30, 2024, multi-family residential mortgage loans was an immaterial portion of our loan portfolio.

Commercial Real Estate Loans. At June 30, 2024, we had $19.7 million in commercial real estate loans, or 15.2% of total loans. Our commercial real estate loans are secured by owner-occupied properties including warehouses and offices, amongst others, and non-owner-occupied properties including investment 1-4 family properties and both single and multi-tenant buildings. We generally do not originate commercial loans secured by strip shopping malls or restaurants. We originate both fixed rate and variable rate commercial real estate loans. All interest rates, both fixed and variable, are generally tied to a like term United State Treasury Yield plus a margin. Commercial real estate loans generally have terms up to 20 years; however, rates are generally fixed no longer than 5 years at a time. We generally limit the loan-to-value ratios of our commercial mortgage loans to 80% of the purchase price or appraised value, whichever is lower. At June 30, 2024, our largest commercial real estate loan was for $2,500,000, which fully funded at origination.

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We consider a number of factors in originating commercial real estate loans. We evaluate the qualifications and financial condition of the borrower, including credit history, profitability and expertise, as well as the value and condition of the property securing the loan. When evaluating the qualifications of the borrower, we consider the financial resources of the borrower, the borrower's experience in owning or managing similar property and the borrower's payment history with us and other financial institutions. In evaluating the property securing the loan, the factors we consider include the net operating income of the mortgaged property before debt service and depreciation, the ratio of the loan amount to the appraised value of the mortgaged property, and the debt service coverage ratio (the ratio of net operating income to debt service). Generally, we require that the debt service coverage ratio be at least 1.15x. The significant majority of our commercial real estate loans are appraised by outside independent appraisers approved by the board of directors. Personal guarantees are generally obtained from the principals of commercial real estate borrowers.

Agricultural Real Estate Loans. At June 30, 2024, we had $4.2 million in agricultural real estate loans, or 3.3% of total loans. These loans are secured by agricultural land. The interest rate is fixed for the initial term of five or seven years, and then adjusts yearly thereafter. Agricultural real estate loans generally have terms up to 25 years. We generally limit the loan-to-value ratios of our agricultural real estate loans to 75% of the purchase price or appraised value, whichever is lower. At June 30, 2024, our largest agricultural real estate loan was $624,000, of which $355,000 had been disbursed. At June 30, 2024, this loan was performing according to its original terms.

We consider a number of factors in originating agricultural real estate loans. We evaluate the qualifications and financial condition of the borrower, including credit history, profitability and expertise, as well as the value and condition of the property securing the loan. When evaluating the qualifications of the borrower, we consider the financial resources of the borrower, the borrower's experience in agriculture and the borrower's payment history with us and other financial institutions. In evaluating the property securing the loan, the factors we consider include the net operating income of the mortgaged property before debt service and depreciation, the ratio of the loan amount to the appraised value of the mortgaged property, and the debt service coverage ratio (the ratio of net operating income to debt service). Generally, we require that the debt service coverage ratio be at least 1.15x. The significant majority of our agricultural real estate loans are appraised by outside independent appraisers approved by the board of directors. Personal guarantees are generally obtained from the principals of agricultural real estate borrowers.

Construction and Land Loans. At June 30, 2024, we had $17.6 million in construction and land loans, or 13.6% of total loans. We make residential construction loans, primarily to individuals for the construction of their primary residences. Our residential construction loans are structured as construction/permanent loans where after a one-year construction period the loan converts to a permanent residential mortgage loan. Our residential construction loans are underwritten to the same guidelines for permanent residential mortgage loans. At June 30, 2024, our largest residential construction loan was $742,000, of which $31,000 has been disbursed.

We make commercial construction loans, which are generally structured as construction/permanent loans where after a construction period the loan converts to a permanent commercial mortgage loan. In some instances, the construction period will include a stabilization period to allow time for the property to stabilize post-construction before converting to a permanent commercial mortgage loan. Generally speaking, the construction/stabilization term does not exceed 24 months, except for extenuating circumstances. Included within the commercial construction loans are loans to contractors and homebuilders to build 1-4 family homes. We make a limited number of speculative residential construction loans, which are constructions loans to a builder where there is not a contract in place for the purchase of the home at the time the construction loan is originated. We have one facility to a homebuilder that allows for draws to construct speculative 1-4 family homes, in addition to pre-sold homes and lot purchases. The advance rate for speculative homes is lower than pre-sold homes. Our commercial construction loans are underwritten to the same guidelines for commercial mortgage loans. At June 30, 2024, our largest commercial construction loan commitment was for $4.5 million, of which $3.5 million has been disbursed.

Construction loans generally can be made with a maximum loan-to-value ratio of 90% (residential properties) and 80% (commercial properties) of the estimated appraised market value upon completion of the project. Before making a commitment to fund a construction loan, we require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser. We also generally require inspections of the property before disbursements of funds during the term of the construction loan.

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Commercial and Industrial Loans. At June 30, 2024, commercial and industrial loans amounted to $14.9 million, or 11.5% of total loans. Commercial and industrial loans include both term loans and lines of credit. Term loans are generally fixed rate, fully amortizing loans with 5-, 7-, or 10-year terms. Lines of credit are primarily based on 1M Term SOFR (Secured Overnight Financing Rate) or 30-day Average SOFR, however, some are based on the prime rate and with terms of 12 to 24 months. These loans are generally secured by business assets, such as equipment and accounts receivable. Depending on the collateral used to secure the loans, commercial advance rates generally include 80 percent of accounts receivable, 50 percent of inventory, and 80 percent of the forced liquidation value of equipment as determined by an independent appraisal engaged by the Bank.

When making commercial loans, we consider the financial statements of the borrower, our lending history with the borrower, the debt service capabilities and global cash flows of the borrower and other guarantors, the projected cash flows of the business and the value of the collateral, accounts receivable, inventory and equipment.

At June 30, 2024, our largest commercial and industrial loan totaled $4.5 million, $4.0 million of which is outstanding, and is a participation in a non-revolving draw down overline of credit (75% of participation interest). The loan is for the purpose of providing the borrower funds to purchase trucks and is secured by titles on the trucks purchased. At June 30, 2024, this loan was performing according to its original terms.

Home Equity Lines of Credit. At June 30, 2024, the outstanding balance of home equity lines of credit was $1.6 million, or 1.3% of total loans. The interest rate for home equity lines of credit are based on the prime rate. There is a 10 year draw period followed by a 10 year repayment period. The loan to value ratio is generally up to 90%, taking into account any superior mortgage on the collateral property. Generally, all applicants for a home equity line of credit are required to have a FICO credit score of at least 720.

Consumer Loans. At June 30, 2024, consumer loans were $955,000, or 0.7% of total loans. Our consumer loan portfolio generally consists of loans secured predominately by automobiles and trucks (new and used), trailers, and other consumer assets. Consumer loans have fixed interest rates and terms up to seven years, with loan to value ratios up to 100%.

Loan Underwriting Risks

Commercial Real Estate Loans and Agricultural Real Estate Loans. Loans secured by commercial real estate or agricultural real estate generally have larger balances and involve a greater degree of risk than one- to four-family residential real estate loans. The primary concern in commercial real estate lending and agricultural real estate lending is the borrower's creditworthiness and the feasibility and cash flow potential of the underlying business. Payments on loans secured by income producing properties often depend on successful operation and management of the properties. As a result, repayment of such loans may be subject, to a greater extent than residential real estate loans, to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. To monitor cash flows on income properties, we require borrowers and loan guarantors to provide quarterly, semi-annual or annual financial statements, depending on the size of the loan, on commercial real estate loans. In reaching a decision on whether to make a commercial real estate loan, we consider and review a global cash flow analysis of the borrower and consider the net operating income of the property, the borrower's expertise, credit history and profitability and the value of the underlying property. We have generally required that the properties securing these real estate loans have an aggregate debt service ratio, including the guarantor's cash flows and the borrower's other projects, of at least 1.15x. An environmental phase one report is obtained when the possibility exists that hazardous materials may have existed on the site, or the site may have been impacted by adjoining properties that handled hazardous materials.

If we foreclose on a commercial real estate loan or an agricultural real estate loan, the marketing and liquidation period to convert the real estate asset to cash can be lengthy with substantial holding costs. In addition, vacancies, deferred maintenance, repairs and market stigma can result in prospective buyers expecting sale price concessions to offset their real or perceived economic losses for the time it takes them to return the property to profitability. Depending on the individual circumstances, initial charge-offs and subsequent losses on commercial real estate loans can be unpredictable and substantial.

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Commercial and Industrial Loans. Unlike residential real estate loans, which generally are made on the basis of the borrower's ability to make repayment from his or her employment or other income, and which are secured by real property whose value tends to be more easily ascertainable, commercial and industrial loans are of higher risk and typically are made on the basis of the borrower's ability to make repayment from the cash flows of the borrower's business, and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Our commercial and industrial loans are originated primarily based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. Collateral for commercial and industrial loans typically consists of equipment, accounts receivable, or inventory. Credit support provided by the borrower for most of these loans is based on the liquidation of the pledged collateral and enforcement of a personal guarantee, if any. Further, any collateral securing such loans may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial and industrial loans may depend substantially on the success of the business itself.

Construction and Land Loans. Our construction loans are based upon estimates of costs and values associated with the completed project. Underwriting is focused on the borrowers' financial strength, credit history and demonstrated ability to produce a quality product and effectively market and manage their operations.

Construction lending involves additional risks when compared with permanent lending because funds are advanced upon the security of the project, which is of uncertain value before its completion. Because of the uncertainties inherent in estimating construction costs, as well as the market value of the completed project and the effects of governmental regulation of real property, it is relatively difficult to evaluate accurately the total funds required to complete a project and the related loan-to-value ratio. In addition, generally during the term of a construction loan, interest may be funded by the borrower or disbursed from an interest reserve set aside from the construction loan budget. These loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project and the ability of the borrower to sell or lease the property or obtain permanent take-out financing, rather than the ability of the borrower or guarantor to repay principal and interest. If the appraised value of a completed project proves to be overstated, we may have inadequate security for the repayment of the loan upon completion of construction of the project and may incur a loss. Land loans have substantially similar risks.

Balloon Loans. Although balloon mortgage loans may reduce to an extent our vulnerability to changes in market interest rates because they reprice at the end of the term, the ability of the borrower to renew or repay the loan and the marketability of the underlying collateral may be adversely affected if the value of the real estate or other collateral decline before the expiration of the term of the loan or if there is a rising interest rate environment.

Consumer Loans. Consumer loans may entail greater risk than residential real estate loans, particularly in the case of consumer loans that are unsecured or secured by assets that depreciate rapidly. Repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment for the outstanding loan and a small remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower. Consumer loan collections depend on the borrower's continuing financial stability, and therefore are likely to be adversely affected by various factors, including job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered on such loans.

Loan Originations, Purchases and Sales

We originate loans through employee marketing and advertising efforts, our existing customer base, walk-in customers and referrals from customers.

We generally do not sell the loans we originate, but retain them in our loan portfolio.

At June 30, 2024, our largest purchased participation consisted of 4 separate participation interests, each with a commitment amount of $4.5 million, representing 16.07%, 9.44%, 9.74%, and 20.93% interests in the deals. The deals consist of a market rate multi-family construction project in Lafayette, Indiana, a market rate multi-family construction project in Fort Wayne, Indiana, a market rate multi-family construction project in Noblesville, Indiana and a hotel

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renovation project on a long-time downtown Indianapolis, Indiana hotel. The outstanding balances for each were $3.5 million, $137,000, $0, and $3.1 million as of June 30, 2024, respectively.

Loan Approval Procedures and Authority

Our lending is subject to written, non-discriminatory underwriting standards and origination procedures. Decisions on loan applications are made on the basis of detailed applications submitted by the prospective borrower and property valuations. Our policies require that for all real estate loans that we originate, property valuations must be performed by outside independent state-licensed appraisers approved by our board of directors. The loan applications are designed primarily to determine the borrower's ability to repay the requested loan, and the more significant items on the application are verified through use of credit reports, financial statements and tax returns.

By law, the aggregate amount of loans that we are permitted to make to any one borrower or a group of related borrowers is generally limited to 15% of the Bank's unimpaired capital and surplus (25% if the amount in excess of 15% is secured by "readily marketable collateral" or 30% for certain residential development loans). At June 30, 2024, our largest credit relationship to one borrower had an outstanding balance of $4.0 million and is a participation loan secured by titles to the vehicles purchased with the credit facility. At June 30, 2024, this loan was performing according to its original terms.

Generally, we require property and extended coverage casualty insurance in amounts at least equal to the principal amount of the loan or the value of improvements on the property, depending on the type of loan. In addition, we require an escrow for flood insurance (where appropriate) and generally require an escrow for required property taxes and insurance. On occasion, we allow borrowers to pay their own taxes and property and casualty insurance as long as proof of payment is provided.

The VP, Consumer and Mortgage Lending, may approve all non-commercial loans up to $500,000. All loans that exceed this limit require secondary approval by a Board Member.

We have a separate policy for commercial loans wherein loans up to $500,000 are approved with dual signature by the Lending Officer and either the Chief Banking Officer or Chief Risk Officer. Loans over $500,000 up to $2,000,000 are approved by the Commercial Loan Committee consisting of the President and CEO, Chief Risk Officer, Chief Banking Officer, and two outside loan committee members with over a combined 60 years of commercial lending experience. All commercial loans over $2.0 million are approved by the full board.

Delinquencies, Classified Assets and Nonperforming Assets

Delinquency Procedures. When a borrower fails to make a required monthly payment on a loan, we mail a notice to the borrower and attempt to contact the borrower by phone. All delinquent loans are reported to the board of directors each month. After 90 days delinquent the loan is transferred to the appropriate collections' personnel. Our policies provide that a late notice be sent each month that the loan is past due. Once the loan is considered in default, generally at 90 days past due, a letter is generally sent to the borrower explaining that the entire balance of the loan is due and payable, the loan is placed on non-accrual status, and additional efforts are made to contact the borrower. If the borrower does not respond, we generally initiate foreclosure proceedings when the loan is 120 days past due. If the loan is reinstated, foreclosure proceedings will be discontinued and the borrower will be permitted to continue to make payments. In certain instances, we may modify the loan or grant a limited exemption from loan payments to allow the borrower to reorganize his or her financial affairs.

When we acquire real estate as a result of foreclosure or by deed in lieu of foreclosure, the real estate is classified as other real estate owned until it is sold. The real estate is recorded at estimated fair value at the date of acquisition, less estimated costs to sell, and any write-down resulting from the acquisition is charged to the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent decreases in the value of the property are charged to operations. After acquisition, all costs in maintaining the property are expensed as incurred. Costs relating to the development and improvement of the property, however, are capitalized to the extent of estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. At June 30, 2024, we had no real estate acquired as a result of foreclosure or by deed in lieu of foreclosure.

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Loan Modifications. We occasionally modify loans to extend the term or make other concessions to help a borrower stay current on his or her loan and to avoid foreclosure. We consider modifications only after analyzing the borrower's current repayment capacity, evaluating the strength of any guarantors based on documented current financial information, and assessing the current value of any collateral pledged. We generally do not forgive principal or interest on loans, but may do so if it is in our best interest and increases the likelihood that we can collect the remaining principal balance. We may modify the terms of loans to lower interest rates (which may be at below market rates), to provide for fixed interest rates on loans where fixed rates are otherwise not available, to provide for longer amortization schedules, or to provide for interest-only terms. These modifications are made only when a workout plan has been agreed to by the borrower that we believe is reasonable and attainable and in our best interests. At June 30, 2024, loans with modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty totaled $36,000. During the year ended June 30, 2024, the Company did not grant any loan modification to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that resulted in a more than minor change in the timing or amount of contractual cash flows.

Delinquent Loans. The following table sets forth our loan delinquencies, including non-accrual loans, by type and amount at the dates indicated.

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Non-Performing Assets. The following table sets forth information regarding our non-performing assets, which include non-accruing loans, accruing loans 90 days or more past due and foreclosed assets at the dates indicated.

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Classified Assets. Federal regulations provide that loans and other assets of lesser quality should be classified as "substandard," "doubtful" or "loss." An asset is considered "substandard" if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. "Substandard" assets include those characterized by the "distinct possibility" that the insured institution will sustain "some loss" if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as "doubtful" have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified "substandard," with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make "collection or liquidation in full," on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, "highly questionable and improbable." Assets classified as "loss" are those considered "uncollectible" and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific allowance for loan losses is not warranted. Assets that do not currently expose the insured institution to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but possess weaknesses are designated as "special mention."

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When an insured institution classifies problem assets as either substandard or doubtful, it may establish general allowances in an amount deemed prudent by management to cover losses that were both probable and reasonable to estimate. General allowances represent allowances which have been established to cover accrued losses associated with lending activities that were both probable and reasonable to estimate, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular problem assets. When an insured institution classifies problem assets as "loss," it is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to 100% of that portion of the asset so classified or to charge-off such amount. An institution's determination as to the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowances is subject to review by the regulatory authorities, which may require the establishment of additional general or specific allowances.

In connection with the filing of our periodic regulatory reports and according to our classification of assets policy, we regularly review the problem loans in our portfolio to determine whether any loans require classification according to applicable regulations. If a problem loan deteriorates in asset quality, the classification is changed to "substandard," "doubtful" or "loss" depending on the circumstances and the evaluation. Generally, loans 90 days or more past due are placed on nonaccrual status and classified "substandard."

Our classified and special mention assets at the dates indicated were as follows:

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Other Loans of Concern. At June 30, 2024, except for loans included in the above table, there were no other loans of concern for which we had information about possible credit problems of borrowers that caused us to have serious doubts about the ability of the borrowers to comply with present loan repayment terms and that may result in disclosure of such loans in the future.

Allowance for Credit Losses

On July 1, 2023, the Company adopted the guidance under ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The main provisions of the ASU have been codified by the FASB under ASC326. The amendments introduced an impairment model that is based on current expected credit losses ("CECL"), rather than incurred losses, to estimate credit losses on loans. For reporting periods beginning on or after July 1, 2023, the allowance for credit losses reflects management's current estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining life of is loans as of the end of the reporting period. For reporting periods prior to July 1, 2023, the allowance for credit losses represented management's estimate for probable and reasonably estimable loan losses, but which had not yet been realized as of the end of the reporting period.

Management's periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance is based on various factors, including, but not limited to, changes in the types and amount of loans in the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, adverse situations that may affect the borrower's ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, estimated losses relating to specifically identified loans, current and future economic conditions, and forecasted information. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates including, among others, average historical loss experience, expected future loss rates, the amount and timing of expected future pay-downs on existing loans and fundings on unfunded commitments, and the value of underlying collateral.

While management uses the best information available to make loan loss allowance evaluations, adjustments to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in economic and other conditions or changes in accounting guidance. In addition, as an integral part of their examination process, the OCC will periodically review our allowance for credit

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losses, and as a result of such reviews, we may determine to adjust our allowance for credit losses. However, the OCC is not directly involved in the process for establishing the allowance for credit losses as the process is our responsibility and any increase or decrease in the allowance is the responsibility of management.

The following table sets forth activity in our allowance for credit losses for the periods indicated.

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Allocation of Allowance for Credit Losses. The following tables set forth the allowance for credit losses allocated by loan category and the percent of the allowance in each category to the total allocated allowance at the dates indicated.

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The allowance for credit losses allocated to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses in any particular category and does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in other categories.

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Investment Activities

General. The goals of our investment policy is to maximize portfolio yield over the long term in a manner that is consistent with minimizing risk, meeting liquidity needs, meeting pledging requirements, and meeting asset/liability management and interest rate risk strategies. Subject to loan demand and our interest rate risk analysis, we expect to increase the balance of our investment securities portfolio when we have excess liquidity.

Our investment policy was adopted by the board of directors and is reviewed annually by the board of directors. All investment decisions are made by our Asset/Liability Committee according to board-approved policies. An investment schedule detailing the investment portfolio is reviewed at least monthly by the board of directors.

Our current investment policy permits, with certain limitations, investments in: U.S. Treasury securities; securities issued by the U.S. government and its agencies or government sponsored enterprises including mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by Fannie Mae, Ginnie Mae, and Freddie Mac; corporate and municipal bonds; asset-backed securities; certificates of deposit in other financial institutions; federal funds and money market funds, among other investments.

At June 30, 2024, our investment portfolio consisted of securities and obligations issued by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises as well as state and municipal securities. At June 30, 2024, we also owned $1.9 million of Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati stock and $268,000 of Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland stock. As a member of Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati and the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, we are required to purchase stock, which is carried at cost and classified as a restricted investment.

At June 30, 2024, all of our investment securities are carried at fair value through accumulated other comprehensive income.

The adoption of ASC326 amended the guidance applicable to measuring and recognizing losses on available-for-sale securities. Under ASC326, expected credit related losses for available-for-sale debt securities are recorded through an allowance for credit losses, while no-credit related losses will continue to be recognized through other comprehensive income as unrealized holding gains and losses, net of tax. Under former GAAP, we assessed our investment securities for other-than-temporary impairment and any declines in fair value that were deemed other-than-temporary resulted in a direct write-down to the amortized cost basis of the related security. The allowance approach allows estimated expected credit losses to be adjusted from period-to-period, as opposed to a permanent write-down.

For additional information regarding our investment securities portfolio, see Note 3 to the notes to financial statements.

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Sources of Funds

General. Deposits have traditionally been our primary source of funds for use in lending and investment activities. We may also use borrowings to supplement cash flow needs, lengthen the maturities of liabilities for interest rate risk purposes and to manage the cost of funds. In addition, we receive funds from scheduled loan payments, investment maturities, loan prepayments, retained earnings and income on earning assets. While scheduled loan payments and income on earning assets are relatively stable sources of funds, deposit inflows and outflows can vary widely and are influenced by prevailing interest rates, market conditions and levels of competition.

Deposits. Our deposits are generated primarily from our primary market area. We offer a selection of deposit accounts, including savings accounts, checking accounts, money market, certificates of deposit and individual retirement accounts. Deposit account terms vary, with the principal differences being the minimum balance required, the amount of time the funds must remain on deposit and the interest rate.

Interest rates paid, maturity terms, service fees and withdrawal penalties are established on a periodic basis. Deposit rates and terms are based primarily on current operating strategies and market rates, liquidity requirements, rates paid by competitors and growth goals. We rely upon personalized customer service, long-standing relationships with customers, and our favorable reputation in the community to attract and retain local deposits. We also seek to obtain deposits from our commercial loan customers.

The flow of deposits is influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in money market and other prevailing interest rates and competition. The variety of deposit accounts offered allows us to be competitive in obtaining funds and responding to changes in consumer demand. Based on experience, we believe that our deposits are relatively stable. However, the ability to attract and maintain deposits and the rates paid on these deposits, has been and will continue to be significantly affected by market conditions.

The Company also utilizes brokered certificates of deposit of differing terms, both callable and bullet features, to ensure appropriate liquidity and manage interest rate risk. These totaled $84.1 million at June 30, 2024.

The following table sets forth the distribution of total deposits, by account type, at the dates indicated.

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At June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the aggregate amount of all uninsured deposits (deposits in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance limit of $250,000 per account) was $23.8 million and $23.0 million, respectively. At June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the aggregate amount of all uninsured certificates of deposit was $4.9 million and $5.7 million, respectively. At June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, we had no deposits that were uninsured for any reason other than being in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation limit.

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The following table sets forth the maturity of our uninsured certificates of deposit at June 30, 2024.

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Borrowings. We utilize advances from the FHLB as an alternative to retail and commercial deposits to fund operations as part of our operating strategy. These FHLB advances are collateralized by certain of our mortgage loans and secondarily by our investment in capital stock of FHLB. Such advances may be made under several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities. At June 30, 2024, we had outstanding advances of $38.5 million from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati and access to an additional $3.9 of advances based on available pledged collateral. All borrowings were short-term (maturities of one year or less). $24.0 million of our outstanding advances were repaid on July 1, 2024.

We also participate in the Bank Term Funding Program created on March 12, 2023 by the Federal Reserve. Any amounts drawn can be refinanced at any time with a term of one year from the date of the initial draw or one year from the latest date of refinancing, whichever is later. The program ended on March 11, 2024. At June 30, 2024 we had outstanding borrowings of $23.5 million that mature on January 16, 2025.

Personnel and Human Capital Resources

As of June 30, 2024, we had 43 full-time employees. Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining group. Management believes that we have good working relations with our employees.

We believe that our ability to attract and retain top quality employees will be key to the Company's future success. During the calendar year ended December 31, 2023, we have made several hires, including but not limited to: a new President and Chief Executive Officer, a new Chief Financial Officer, a new Chief Risk Officer, a Chief Information Officer, a Chief Lending Officer and a commercial lending team. We expect to continue to assess our management and staffing needs and are likely to add personnel in the future to fully implement our business strategy.

Subsidiary Activities

Van Wert Federal is the wholly-owned subsidiary of VWF Bancorp. The Company has no other subsidiaries and the Bank has no subsidiaries.

REGULATION AND SUPERVISION

General

As a federal savings association (the term "savings association" includes a federal savings bank), the Bank is subject to examination and regulation by the OCC, and is also subject to examination by the FDIC. This regulation and supervision establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which an institution may engage and is intended primarily for the protection of the FDIC's deposit insurance fund and depositors, and not for the protection of security holders. The Bank also is a member of and owns stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati, which is one of the 11 regional banks in the Federal Home Loan Bank System.

Under this system of regulation, the regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory, enforcement, rulemaking and examination activities and policies, including rules or policies that: establish minimum capital levels; restrict the timing and amount of dividend payments; govern the classification of assets; determine the

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adequacy of loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes; and establish the timing and amounts of assessments and fees. Moreover, as part of their examination authority, the banking regulators assign numerical ratings to banks and savings institutions relating to capital, asset quality, management, liquidity, earnings and other factors. The receipt of a less than satisfactory rating in one or more categories may result in enforcement action by the banking regulators against a financial institution. A less than satisfactory rating may also prevent a financial institution, such as the Bank or its holding company, from obtaining necessary regulatory approvals to access the capital markets, pay dividends, acquire other financial institutions or establish new branches.

In addition, we must comply with significant anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism laws and regulations, Community Reinvestment Act laws and regulations, and fair lending laws and regulations. Government agencies have the authority to impose monetary penalties and other sanctions on institutions that fail to comply with these laws and regulations, which could significantly affect our business activities, including our ability to acquire other financial institutions or expand our branch network.

The Company is a savings and loan holding company subject to the rules and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board. It is required to file certain reports with the Federal Reserve Board and is subject to examination by the enforcement authority of the Federal Reserve Board. The Company is also subject to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission under the federal securities laws. Effective June 23, 2023, the Bank elected to operate as a "covered savings association" (CSA). A CSA has the same rights and privileges as a national bank that has its main office situated in the same location as the home office of the CSA and is subject to the same duties, restrictions, penalties, liabilities, conditions, and limitations that would apply to such a national bank.

Any change in applicable laws or regulations, whether by the OCC, the FDIC, the Federal Reserve Board or Congress, could have a material adverse impact on the operations and financial performance of The Company and the Bank.

Set forth below is a brief description of material regulatory requirements that are applicable to the Company and the Bank. The description is limited to certain material aspects of the statutes and regulations addressed, and is not intended to be a complete description of such statutes and regulations and their effects on the Company and the Bank.

Federal Banking Regulation

Business Activities. A federal association derives its lending and investment powers from the Home Owners' Loan Act, as amended, and applicable federal regulations. Under these laws and regulations, the Bank may invest in mortgage loans secured by residential and commercial real estate, commercial business and consumer loans, certain types of debt securities and certain other assets, subject to applicable limits. The Bank may also establish subsidiaries that may engage in certain activities not otherwise permissible for the Bank to engage in directly, including real estate investment and securities and insurance brokerage.

Capital Requirements. Federal regulations require federally insured depository institutions to meet several minimum capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of 6.0%, a total capital to risk-weighted assets of 8.0%, and a 4.0% Tier 1 capital to adjusted average total assets leverage ratio.

Common equity Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common stockholders' equity and retained earnings. Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common equity Tier 1 and additional Tier 1 capital. Additional Tier 1 capital includes certain noncumulative perpetual preferred stock and related surplus and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries. Total capital includes Tier 1 capital (common equity Tier 1 capital plus additional Tier 1 capital) and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital is comprised of capital instruments and related surplus, meeting specified requirements, and may include cumulative preferred stock and long-term perpetual preferred stock, mandatory convertible securities, intermediate preferred stock and subordinated debt. Also included in Tier 2 capital is the allowance for loan losses limited to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets and, for institutions that have exercised an opt-out election regarding the treatment of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI"), up to 45% of net unrealized gains on available-for-sale equity securities with readily determinable fair market values. Institutions that have not exercised the AOCI opt-out have AOCI incorporated into common equity Tier 1 capital (including unrealized gains and losses on

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available-for-sale-securities). The Bank exercised its AOCI opt-out election. Calculation of all types of regulatory capital is subject to deductions and adjustments specified in the regulations.

In determining the amount of risk-weighted assets for purposes of calculating risk-based capital ratios, all assets, including certain off-balance sheet assets (e.g., recourse obligations, direct credit substitutes, residual interests) are multiplied by a risk weight factor assigned by the regulations based on the risks believed inherent in the type of asset. Higher levels of capital are required for asset categories believed to present greater risk. For example, a risk weight of 0% is assigned to cash and U.S. government securities, a risk weight of 50% is generally assigned to prudently underwritten first lien one- to four-family residential real estate loans, a risk weight of 100% is assigned to commercial and consumer loans, a risk weight of 150% is assigned to certain past due loans and a risk weight of between 0% to 600% is assigned to permissible equity interests, depending on certain specified factors.

In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a "capital conservation buffer" consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. The capital conservation buffer requirement was phased in beginning January 1, 2016 at 0.625% of risk-weighted assets and increasing each year until fully implemented at 2.5% of risk-weighted assets on January 1, 2019.

The federal banking agencies have developed a "Community Bank Leverage Ratio (CBLR)" (the ratio of Tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets) for financial institutions with assets of less than $10 billion that meet certain qualifying criteria. A "qualifying community bank" that exceeds this ratio will be deemed compliant with all other capital requirements, including the capital requirements to be considered "well capitalized" under Prompt Corrective Action statutes. The federal banking agencies may consider a financial institution's risk profile when evaluating whether it qualifies as a community bank for purposes of the capital ratio requirement. The federal banking agencies must set the minimum Community Bank Leverage Ratio at not less than 8% and not more than 10%, and as of January 1, 2023, it is set at 9%. The Bank has elected to be subject to the CBLR framework. At June 30, 2024, the Bank's CBLR was 12.11%.

Loans-to-One Borrower. Generally, a federal savings association may not make a loan or extend credit to a single or related group of borrowers in excess of 15% of unimpaired capital and surplus. An additional amount may be loaned, equal to 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if the loan is secured by readily marketable collateral, which generally does not include real estate. At June 30, 2024, the Bank complied with the loans-to-one borrower limitations.

Capital Distributions. Federal regulations govern capital distributions by a federal savings association, which include cash dividends, stock repurchases and other transactions charged to its capital account. A federal savings association must file an application with the OCC for approval of a capital distribution if:

Even if an application is not otherwise required, every savings association that is a subsidiary of a savings and loan holding company, such as the Bank, must still file a notice with the Federal Reserve Board at least 30 days before the board of directors declares a dividend or approves a capital distribution.

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A notice or application related to a capital distribution may be disapproved if:

In addition, an insured depository institution may not make any capital distribution if, after making such distribution, the institution would fail to meet any applicable regulatory capital requirement. A federal savings association also may not make a capital distribution that would reduce its regulatory capital below the amount required for the liquidation account established in connection with its conversion to stock form.

Community Reinvestment Act and Fair Lending Laws. All federal savings associations have a responsibility under the Community Reinvestment Act and related regulations to help meet the credit needs of their communities, including low- and moderate-income borrowers. In connection with its examination of a federal savings association, the OCC is required to assess the federal savings association's record of compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act. A savings association's failure to comply with the provisions of the Community Reinvestment Act could, at a minimum, result in denial of certain corporate applications such as branches or mergers, or in restrictions on its activities. In addition, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act prohibit lenders from discriminating in their lending practices on the basis of characteristics specified in those statutes. The failure to comply with the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act could result in enforcement actions by the OCC, as well as other federal regulatory agencies and the Department of Justice.

The Community Reinvestment Act requires all institutions insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to publicly disclose their rating. The Bank received a "satisfactory" Community Reinvestment Act rating in its most recent federal examination.

Transactions with Related Parties. A federal savings association's authority to engage in transactions with its affiliates is limited by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and federal regulations. An affiliate is generally a company that controls, or is under common control with, an insured depository institution such as Van Wert Federal. VWF Bancorp is an affiliate of Van Wert Federal because of its control of Van Wert Federal. In general, transactions between an insured depository institution and its affiliates are subject to certain quantitative limits and collateral requirements. In addition, federal regulations prohibit a savings association from lending to any of its affiliates that are engaged in activities that are not permissible for bank holding companies and from purchasing the securities of any affiliate, other than a subsidiary. Finally, transactions with affiliates must be consistent with safe and sound banking practices, not involve the purchase of low-quality assets and be on terms that are as favorable to the institution as comparable transactions with non-affiliates.

The Bank's authority to extend credit to its directors, executive officers and 10% stockholders, as well as to entities controlled by such persons, is currently governed by the requirements of Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation O of the Federal Reserve Board. Among other things, these provisions generally require that extensions of credit to insiders:

In addition, extensions of credit in excess of certain limits must be approved by the Bank's board of directors. Extensions of credit to executive officers are subject to additional limits based on the type of extension involved.

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Enforcement. The OCC has primary enforcement responsibility over federal savings associations and has authority to bring enforcement action against all "institution-affiliated parties," including directors, officers, stockholders, attorneys, appraisers and accountants who knowingly or recklessly participate in wrongful action likely to have an adverse effect on a federal savings association. Formal enforcement action by the OCC may range from the issuance of a capital directive or cease and desist order to removal of officers and/or directors of the institution and the appointment of a receiver or conservator. Civil penalties cover a wide range of violations and actions, and range up to $25,000 per day, unless a finding of reckless disregard is made, in which case penalties may be as high as $1 million per day. The FDIC also has the authority to terminate deposit insurance or recommend to the OCC that enforcement action be taken with respect to a particular savings association. If such action is not taken, the FDIC has authority to take the action under specified circumstances.

Standards for Safety and Soundness. Federal law requires each federal banking agency to prescribe certain standards for all insured depository institutions. These standards relate to, among other things, internal controls, information systems and audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, compensation and other operational and managerial standards as the agency deems appropriate. Interagency guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the guidelines, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard. If an institution fails to meet these standards, the appropriate federal banking agency may require the institution to implement an acceptable compliance plan. Failure to implement such a plan can result in further enforcement action, including the issuance of a cease and desist order or the imposition of civil money penalties.

Interstate Banking and Branching. Federal law permits well capitalized and well managed holding companies to acquire banks in any state, subject to Federal Reserve Board approval, certain concentration limits and other specified conditions. Interstate mergers of banks are also authorized, subject to regulatory approval and other specified conditions. In addition, among other things, amendments made by the Dodd-Frank Act permit banks to establish de novo branches on an interstate basis provided that branching is authorized by the law of the host state for the banks chartered by that state.

Prompt Corrective Action. Federal law requires, among other things, that federal bank regulators take "prompt corrective action" with respect to institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For this purpose, the law establishes five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized. Under the regulations, as amended effective January 1, 2015 to incorporate the previously mentioned amendments to the regulatory capital requirements, an institution is deemed to be "well capitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 6.5% or greater. An institution is "adequately capitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 4.0% or greater and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 4.5% or greater. An institution is "undercapitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 4.0% or a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 4.5%. An institution is deemed to be "significantly undercapitalized" if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 3.0% or a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 3.0%. An institution is considered to be "critically undercapitalized" if it has a ratio of tangible equity (as defined in the regulations) to total assets that is equal to or less than 2.0%.

Federal law and regulations also specify circumstances under which a federal banking agency may reclassify a well-capitalized institution as adequately capitalized and may require an institution classified as less than well capitalized to comply with supervisory actions as if it were in the next lower category.

The OCC may order savings associations that have insufficient capital to take corrective actions. For example, a savings association that is categorized as "undercapitalized" is subject to growth limitations and is required to submit a capital restoration plan, and a holding company that controls such a savings association is required to guarantee that the savings association complies with the restoration plan. A "significantly undercapitalized" savings association may be subject to

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additional restrictions. Savings associations deemed by the OCC to be "critically undercapitalized" would be subject to the appointment of a receiver or conservator.

In addition, as set forth above, a "qualifying community bank," such as Van Wert Federal, that exceeds the Community Bank Leverage Ratio is considered "well capitalized" under the Prompt Corrective Action statutes. The Bank has elected to be subject to the Community Bank Leverage Ratio framework.

At June 30, 2024, the Bank met the criteria for being considered "well capitalized."

Insurance of Deposit Accounts. The Bank is a member of the Deposit Insurance Fund, which is administered by the FDIC. Its deposit accounts are insured by the FDIC, generally up to a maximum of $250,000 per depositor.

The FDIC imposes deposit insurance assessments against all insured depository institutions. An institution's assessment rate depends upon the perceived risk of the institution to the Deposit Insurance Fund, with institutions deemed less risky paying lower rates. Currently, assessments for institutions of less than $10 billion of total assets are based on financial measures and supervisory ratings derived from statistical models estimating the probability of failure within three years. That system was effective July 1, 2016 and replaced a system under which each institution was assigned to a risk category. Assessment rates (inclusive of possible adjustments) currently range from 1.5 to 30 basis points of each institution's total assets less tangible capital. The current scale, also effective July 1, 2016, is a reduction from the previous range of 2.5 to 45 basis points. The FDIC may increase or decrease the range of assessments uniformly, except that no adjustment can deviate more than two basis points from the base assessment rate without notice and comment rulemaking. The existing system represents a change, required by the Dodd-Frank Act, from the FDIC's prior practice of basing the assessment on an institution's aggregate deposits.

The FDIC has the authority to increase insurance assessments. A significant increase in insurance premiums would have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of the Bank. We cannot predict what deposit insurance assessment rates will be in the future.

Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that an institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. We do not know of any practice, condition or violation that might lead to termination of deposit insurance for the Bank.

Privacy Regulations. Federal regulations generally require that the Bank disclose its privacy policy, including identifying with whom it shares a customer's "non-public personal information," to customers at the time of establishing the customer relationship and annually thereafter. In addition, the Bank is required to provide its customers with the ability to "opt-out" of having their personal information shared with unaffiliated third parties and not to disclose account numbers or access codes to non-affiliated third parties for marketing purposes. The Bank has a privacy protection policy in place and believes that such policy is in compliance with the regulations.

USA Patriot Act. The Bank is subject to the USA PATRIOT Act, which gives federal agencies additional powers to address terrorist threats through enhanced domestic security measures, expanded surveillance powers, increased information sharing, and broadened anti-money laundering requirements. The USA PATRIOT Act contains provisions intended to encourage information sharing among bank regulatory agencies and law enforcement bodies and imposes affirmative obligations on financial institutions, such as enhanced recordkeeping and customer identification requirements.

Prohibitions Against Tying Arrangements. Federal savings associations are prohibited, subject to some exceptions, from extending credit to or offering any other service, or fixing or varying the consideration for such extension of credit or service, on the condition that the customer obtain some additional service from the institution or its affiliates or not obtain services of a competitor of the institution.

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Other Regulations

Interest and other charges collected or contracted for by the Bank are subject to state usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates. Loan operations are also subject to state and federal laws applicable to credit transactions, such as the:

The deposit operations of the Bank also are subject to, among others, the:

Federal Home Loan Bank System

The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati, which is one of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks in the Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati provides a central credit facility primarily for its member institutions. Members of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati are required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati. The Bank complied with this requirement at June 30, 2024. Based on redemption provisions of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati, the stock has no quoted market value and is carried at cost. The Bank reviews for impairment, based on the ultimate recoverability, the cost basis of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati stock. At June 30, 2024, no impairment has been recognized.

Holding Company Regulation

VWF Bancorp is a unitary savings and loan holding company subject to regulation and supervision by the Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve Board has enforcement authority over VWF Bancorp and its non-savings institution subsidiaries. Among other things, this authority permits the Federal Reserve Board to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a risk to the Bank.

As a savings and loan holding company, VWF Bancorp's activities are limited to those activities permissible by law for financial holding companies (if VWF Bancorp makes an election to be treated as a financial holding company and meets the other requirements to be a financial holding company) or multiple savings and loan holding companies. VWF

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Bancorp does not intend to make an election to be treated as a financial holding company. A financial holding company may engage in activities that are financial in nature, incidental to financial activities or complementary to a financial activity. Such activities include lending and other activities permitted for bank holding companies under Section 4(c)(8) of the Bank Holding Company Act, insurance and underwriting equity securities. Multiple savings and loan holding companies are authorized to engage in activities specified by federal regulation, including activities permitted for bank holding companies under Section 4(c)(8) of the Bank Holding Company Act.

Federal law prohibits a savings and loan holding company, directly or indirectly, or through one or more subsidiaries, from acquiring more than 5% of another savings institution or savings and loan holding company without prior written approval of the Federal Reserve Board, and from acquiring or retaining control of any depository institution not insured by the FDIC. In evaluating applications by holding companies to acquire savings institutions, the Federal Reserve Board must consider such things as the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the company and institution involved, the effect of the acquisition on and the risk to the federal deposit insurance fund, the convenience and needs of the community and competitive factors. A savings and loan holding company may not acquire a savings institution in another state and hold the target institution as a separate subsidiary unless it is a supervisory acquisition under Section 13(k) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or the law of the state in which the target is located authorizes such acquisitions by out-of-state companies.

Savings and loan holding companies historically have not been subject to consolidated regulatory capital requirements. The Dodd-Frank Act requires the Federal Reserve Board to establish minimum consolidated capital requirements for all depository institution holding companies that are as stringent as those required for the insured depository subsidiaries. However, legislation was enacted in May 2018 that required the Federal Reserve Board to amend its "Small Bank Holding Company" exemption from consolidated holding company capital requirements to generally extend its applicability to bank and savings and loan holding companies of up to $3.0 billion in assets. Regulations implementing this amendment were effective in August 2018. Consequently, savings and loan holding companies of under $3.0 billion in consolidated assets remain exempt from consolidated regulatory capital requirements, unless the Federal Reserve determines otherwise in particular cases.

The Dodd-Frank Act extended the "source of strength" doctrine to savings and loan holding companies. The Federal Reserve Board has promulgated regulations implementing the "source of strength" policy that require holding companies to act as a source of strength to their subsidiary depository institutions by providing capital, liquidity and other support in times of financial stress.

The Federal Reserve Board has issued a policy statement regarding the payment of dividends and the repurchase of shares of common stock by bank holding companies and savings and loan holding companies. In general, the policy provides that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the holding company appears consistent with the organization's capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. Regulatory guidance provides for prior regulatory consultation with respect to capital distributions in certain circumstances such as where the company's net income for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid over that period, is insufficient to fully fund the dividend or the company's overall rate of earnings retention is inconsistent with the company's capital needs and overall financial condition. The ability of a holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. The policy statement also states that a holding company should inform the Federal Reserve Board supervisory staff before redeeming or repurchasing common stock or perpetual preferred stock if the holding company is experiencing financial weaknesses or if the repurchase or redemption would result in a net reduction, at the end of a quarter, in the amount of such equity instruments outstanding compared with the beginning of the quarter in which the redemption or repurchase occurred. These regulatory policies may affect the ability of VWF Bancorp to pay dividends, repurchase shares of common stock or otherwise engage in capital distributions.

Federal Securities Laws

VWF Bancorp common stock is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. VWF Bancorp is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

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Shares of common stock purchased by persons who are not affiliates of VWF Bancorp may be resold without registration under the Securities Act of 1933. Shares purchased by an affiliate of VWF Bancorp are subject to the resale restrictions of Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933. If VWF Bancorp meets the current public information requirements of Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, each affiliate of VWF Bancorp that complies with the other conditions of Rule 144, including those that require the affiliate's sale to be aggregated with those of other persons, would be able to sell in the public market, without registration, a number of shares not to exceed, in any three-month period, the greater of 1% of the outstanding shares of VWF Bancorp, or the average weekly volume of trading in the shares during the preceding four calendar weeks.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is intended to improve corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures required under the federal securities laws. We have policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with these regulations, and we review and document such policies, procedures and systems to ensure continued compliance with these regulations.

Change in Control Regulations

Under the Change in Bank Control Act, a federal statute, no person may acquire control of a savings and loan holding company such as VWF Bancorp unless the Federal Reserve Board has been given 60 days prior written notice and has not issued a notice disapproving the proposed acquisition, taking into consideration certain factors, including the financial and managerial resources of the acquirer and the competitive effects of the acquisition. Control, as defined under federal law, means ownership, control of or holding irrevocable proxies representing more than 25% of any class of voting stock, control in any manner of the election of a majority of the institution's directors, or a determination by the regulator that the acquiror has the power, directly or indirectly, to exercise a controlling influence over the management or policies of the institution. Acquisition of more than 10% of any class of a savings and loan holding company's voting stock constitutes a rebuttable determination of control under the regulations under certain circumstances including where, as is the case with VWF Bancorp, the issuer has registered securities under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

In addition, federal regulations provide that no company may acquire control of a savings and loan holding company without the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board. Any company that acquires such control becomes a "savings and loan holding company" subject to registration, examination and regulation by the Federal Reserve Board.

Emerging Growth Company Status

VWF Bancorp is an emerging growth company. For as long as it qualifies as an emerging growth company, it may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation. As an emerging growth company, VWF Bancorp is not subject to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which would require that our independent auditors audit our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, as an emerging growth company, we have elected to take advantage of the extended transition periods for adopting new or revised financial accounting standards until the date they are required to be adopted by private companies (however, if any new or revised financial accounting standards would not apply to private companies, we would not be able to delay their adoption). Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to those of public companies that adopt new or revised financial accounting standards as of an earlier date. Investors may find our common stock less attractive since we have chosen to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result of any choices to reduce future disclosure, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and the price of our common stock may be more volatile.

VWF Bancorp will cease to be an emerging growth company upon the earliest of: (i) the end of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of the conversion and offering; (ii) the first fiscal year after our annual gross

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revenues are $1.07 billion (adjusted for inflation) or more; (iii) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; or (iv) the end of any fiscal year in which the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeded $700 million at the end of the second quarter of that fiscal year. We expect to lose our status as an emerging growth company effective June 30, 2028, which is the end of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion date of the Conversion.

TAXATION

Federal Taxation

General. VWF Bancorp and Van Wert Federal are subject to federal income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations, with some exceptions discussed below. The following discussion of federal taxation is intended only to summarize material federal income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to VWF Bancorp and Van Wert Federal.

Method of Accounting. For federal income tax purposes, the Bank currently reports its income and expenses on the accrual method of accounting and uses a tax year ending December 31 for filing its federal income tax returns. The Small Business Protection Act of 1996 eliminated the use of the reserve method of accounting for bad debt reserves by savings institutions, effective for taxable years beginning after 1995.

Minimum Tax. The alternative minimum tax ("AMT") for corporations has been repealed for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. Any unused minimum tax credit of a corporation may be used to offset regular tax liability for any tax year. In addition, a portion of unused minimum tax credit was refundable in 2018 through 2021. The refundable portion is 100% for the tax years beginning after December 31, 2018 of the excess of the minimum tax credit for the year over any credit allowable against regular tax for that year. At June 30, 2024, the Bank had no minimum tax credit carryforward.

Net Operating Loss Carryovers. Generally, a corporation may carry forward net operating losses generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 indefinitely and can offset up to 80% of taxable income. However, net operating losses generated in tax years beginning in 2018, 2019 and 2020 can be carried back five years and are 100% deductible for tax years ending in 2018, 2019 and 2020. At June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Bank generated an NOL that will be carried forward.

Capital Loss Carryovers. Generally, a corporation may carry back capital losses to the preceding three taxable years and forward to the succeeding five taxable years. Any capital loss carryback or carryover is treated as a short-term capital loss for the year to which it is carried. As such, it is grouped with any other capital losses for the year to which carried and is used to offset any capital gains. Any undeducted loss remaining after the five-year carryover period is not deductible. At June 30, 2024, the Bank had no capital loss carryovers.

Corporate Dividends. VWF Bancorp may generally exclude from our income 100% of dividends received from the Bank as a member of the same affiliated group of corporations.

Audit of Tax Returns. The Bank's federal income tax returns have not been audited in the most recent five-year period.

State Taxation

The Bank is subject to Ohio taxation in the same general manner as other financial institutions. In particular, the Bank files a consolidated Ohio Financial Institutions Tax ("FIT") return. The FIT is based upon the net worth of the consolidated group. For Ohio FIT purposes, savings institutions are currently taxed at a rate equal to 0.8% of taxable net worth, capped at 14% of the institution's total assets.

As a Maryland business corporation, VWF Bancorp is required to file an annual report with and pay personal property taxes to the State of Maryland.

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ITEM 1A.Risk Factors

Not applicable, as VWF Bancorp is a "smaller reportingcompany."

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ITEM 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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ITEM 1C.Cybersecurity

The Bankhas implemented an information security program aimed at protecting our customers, the Bank, and our shareholders. The program addresses risks identified by the Bank, including cybersecurity risks. Protecting confidential customer information and maintaining the availability of banking services are the primary objectives of the information security program.

The board of directors is ultimately responsible for the oversight of the information security program. The status of the program is reported to the board throughout the year. Internally, the Bank's Chief Information Officer ("CIO") manages the status of the program and reports to the board. The CIO is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) since 2011 and has over 15 years of experience managing cybersecurity risks for financial institutions and healthcare organizations. The Technology Committee reviews and monitors the execution of the program. The Technology Committee consists of key stakeholders throughout the Bank, providing visibility into the risks posed to critical areas.

The foundation of the information security program is based on risk management principles. The Bank has established a risk management framework that identifies, assesses, and manages risks, including cybersecurity risks, that could have a material impact on its business, operations, or financial condition. The Bank identifies new risks to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of its sensitive information and services during the assessment of new processes, services, vendors, or changes in the banking industry. The mitigating controls of identified risks collectively create the information security program.

The Bank's cybersecurity strategy involves continuous monitoring of threats, maintaining updated defense mechanisms, and training employees on best practices in cybersecurity. The Bank engages with third-party experts and utilizes advanced cybersecurity tools to enhance defenses against emerging threats. The Bank also performs regular penetration testing, incident response planning, business continuity testing, and system audits to ensure the ongoing strength of its cybersecurity systems. The Bank utilizes a trusted third party to monitor for suspicious activity, including escalation procedures. The Bank also maintains cyber liability insurance that includes activation and escalation procedures should an incident occur.

A vendor management program ensures third-party vendors and service providers adhere to the Bank's security, compliance, and operational standards to mitigate risks. This program involves assessing potential risks associated with vendors, such as data breaches, compliance violations, or operational failures, by conducting thorough due diligence and regularly monitoring vendor performance. It includes setting performance expectations, performing ongoing audits, and ensuring vendors implement necessary safeguards to protect the organization's sensitive data and maintain the availability of services. The goal is to ensure that third-party relationships do not introduce unacceptable levels of risk to the organization while maintaining business continuity and regulatory compliance.

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As of this filing, no material cybersecurity incidents have occurred that would have a significant impact on the Bank's business, operations, or financial results. The Bank continues to monitor for any potential breaches and enhance its security protocols to prevent future incidents. While the Bank does not believe a cybersecurity threat is likely to materially affect the operations or financial condition, there can be no guarantee that the Bank will not experience such an incident in the future.

The Bank recognizes that the cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving and remains committed to adapting its risk management strategies to address new challenges. The Bank continues to invest in its cybersecurity infrastructure and strengthen controls to mitigate risks effectively.

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ITEM 2.Properties

At June 30, 2024, the net book value of our properties (including furniture, fixtures and equipment) was $2.3 million. We operate from our offices located at 976 South Shannon Street, Van Wert, Ohio, which we own, and 202 W. Berry Street, Fort Wayne, Indiana, which we lease. We are in the process of expanding into the second floor of the building on Berry Street which we currently lease in Fort Wayne, at which point, we would anticipate our facilities would be adequate to meet our present and foreseeable needs. We are also leasing additional temporary space in Fort Wayne, Indiana until the space on the second floor of the building at 202 W. Berry Street is ready to occupy. We also own vacant land in Van Wert which may be used for future expansion. We currently do not have any plans or understandings to expand our office network.

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ITEM 3.Legal Proceedings

Periodically, we are involved in claims and lawsuits, such as claims to enforce liens, condemnation proceedings on properties in which we hold security interests, claims involving the making and servicing of real property loans and other issues incident to our business. At June 30, 2024, we were not a party to any pending legal proceedings that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cashflows.

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ITEM 4.Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5.Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

VWF Bancorp's common stock is quoted on the OTCQX Market operated by OTC Markets Group under the symbol "VWFB." As of June 30, 2024, we had 254 stockholders of record (excluding the number of persons or entities holding stock in street name through various brokerage firms), and 1,914,965 shares of common stock outstanding. There is currently limited trading volume for VWF Bancorp's common stock.

VWF Bancorp has not paid any cash dividends to our stockholders. The payment and amount of any dividend payments is subject to statutory and regulatory limitations, and depends upon a number of factors, including the following: regulatory capital requirements; our financial condition and results of operations; tax considerations; and general economic conditions.

There were no sales of unregistered securities during the year ended June 30, 2024.

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On February 20, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a share repurchase program of up to $600,000 of the Company's common stock. Under the Company's share repurchase program, purchases take place as and when determined by the Company in open market or private transactions, including transactions that may be affected pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Pursuant to the program, purchases of shares of the Company's common stock are made based upon the market price of the Company's common stock, the nature of other investment and growth opportunities, expected free cash flow, and general economic conditions. The share repurchase program does not require the Company to acquire any specific number of shares and may be modified, suspended, extended or terminated by the Company at any time without prior notice. The Company repurchased 36,800 shares in February 2024 at a price of $16.25 per share, for a total cost of $598,000, excluding broker costs which were de minimus. The Company did not repurchase any shares during the three months ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had $2,000 remaining available to repurchase under the share repurchase program.

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ITEM 6.[Reserved]

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ITEM 7.Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This discussion and analysis reflects our consolidated financial statements and other relevant statistical data, and is intended to enhance your understanding of our financial condition and results of operations. The information in this section has been derived from the consolidated financial statements, which appear elsewhere in this annual report. You should read the information in this section in conjunction with the other business and financial information provided in this annual report.

Overview

Our business consists primarily of taking deposits from the general public and investing those deposits, together with funds generated from operations, in residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans, agricultural mortgage loans, construction loans, commercial and industrial loans, home equity lines of credit, and consumer loans. We also invest in securities, which have historically consisted primarily of mortgage-backed securities and obligations issued by U.S. government sponsored enterprises, state and municipal securities. We offer a variety of deposit accounts including checking accounts, savings accounts, money market and certificate of deposit accounts. The Bank is subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the OCC.

Our results of operations depend primarily on our net interest income. Net interest income is the difference between the interest income we earn on our interest-earning assets and the interest we pay on our interest-bearing liabilities. Our results of operations also are affected by our provisions for loan losses, non-interest income and non-interest expense. Non-interest income currently consists primarily of service charges on deposit accounts, other service charges and fees, and income from bank owned life insurance. Non-interest expense currently consists primarily of expenses related to salaries and employee benefits, occupancy and equipment, data processing, contract services, director fees, and other expenses.

We invest in bank owned life insurance to provide us with a funding source to offset some costs of our benefit plan obligations. Bank owned life insurance provides us with non-interest income that is nontaxable. Federal regulations generally limit our investment in bank owned life insurance to 25% of our Tier 1 capital plus our allowance for loan losses. At June 30, 2024, our investment in bank owned life insurance was $5.4 million, which was within this investment limit.

Our results of operations also may be affected significantly by general and local economic and competitive conditions, changes in market interest rates, governmental policies and actions of regulatory authorities.

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Business Strategy

Our business strategy is focused on embracing a relationship-oriented community bank model targeting small to mid-sized businesses and professionals in our market areas while continuing to serve our traditional customer base. Highlights of our current business strategy include:

We intend to continue to pursue these business strategies, subject to changes necessitated by future market conditions, regulatory restrictions and other factors.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Critical Accounting Estimates

The discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which are prepared in conformity with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets

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and liabilities, and the reported amounts of income and expenses. We consider the accounting policies discussed below to be critical accounting policies. The estimates and assumptions that we use are based on historical experience and various other factors and are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, resulting in a change that could have a material impact on the carrying value of our assets and liabilities and our results of operations.

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 contains provisions that, among other things, reduce certain reporting requirements for qualifying public companies. As an "emerging growth company" we may delay adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are made applicable to private companies. We intend to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

The following represent our critical accounting policies:

Allowance for Credit Losses. The allowance for credit losses is the estimated amount considered necessary to cover inherent, but unconfirmed, credit losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. On July 1, 2023, the Company adopted the guidance under ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Statements. The main provisions of the ASU have been codified by the FASB under ASC 326. The amendments introduced an impairment model that is based on current expected credit losses, rather than incurred losses, to estimated credit losses on loans. For reporting periods beginning on or after July 1, 2023, the allowance for credit losses reflects management's current estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining life of its loans as of the end of the reporting period. For reporting periods prior to July 1, 2023, the allowance for credit losses represented management's estimate for probable and reasonably estimable loan losses, but which had not yet been realized as of the end of the reporting period. Refer to Note 1 and Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for more information on the adoption of ASC 326.

The allowance for credit losses included the allowance for credit losses on loans, and the allowance for credit losses for unfunded lending commitments, which is recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The allowance for credit losses is established through the provision for credit losses charged against income. In determining the allowance for credit losses, management makes significant estimates and has identified this policy as one of our most critical accounting policies.

Management's estimate of the allowance for credit losses considers factors such as changes in the types and amount of loans in the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, adverse situations that may affect the borrower's ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, estimated losses relating to specifically identified loans, current and future economic conditions, and forecasted information. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates including, among others, average historical loss experience, expected future loss rates, the amount and timing of expected future pay-downs on existing loans and fundings on unfunded commitments, and the value of underlying collateral. All of these estimates may be susceptible to significant changes as more information becomes available.

Deferred Tax Assets. We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We exercise significant judgment in evaluating the amount and timing of recognition of the resulting tax liabilities and assets. These judgments require us to make projections of future taxable income. The judgments and estimates we make in determining our deferred tax assets, which are inherently subjective, are reviewed on a continual basis as regulatory and business factors change. Determining the proper valuation allowance for deferred taxes is critical in properly valuing the deferred tax asset and the related recognition of income tax expense or benefit. Any reduction in estimated future taxable income may require us to record a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets.

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Fair Value Measurements. The fair value of a financial instrument is defined as the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in a forced or liquidation sale. We estimate the fair value of a financial instrument and any related asset impairment using a variety of valuation methods. Where financial instruments are actively traded and have quoted market prices, quoted market prices are used for fair value. When the financial instruments are not actively traded, other observable market inputs, such as quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, may be used, if available, to determine fair value. When observable market prices do not exist, we estimate fair value. These estimates are subjective in nature and imprecision in estimating these factors can impact the amount of gain or loss recorded. For a detailed description of the fair values measured at each level of the fair value hierarchy and the methodology we utilize, see note 14 of the notes to financial statements.

Selected Financial Data

The following selected consolidated financial data sets forth certain financial highlights of the Company and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.