11/12/2024 | Press release | Distributed by Public on 11/12/2024 15:09
Revenues in-line with the mid-point of Guidance
Gross Margin of 67%-up 880bps over prior year
Net Loss in-line with Guidance
Fourth Consecutive Quarter of Positive Adjusted EBITDA
EL SEGUNDO, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- The Beachbody Company, Inc. (NYSE: BODi) ("BODi" or the "Company"), a leading fitness and nutrition company, today announced financial results for its third quarter ended September 30, 2024.
Carl Daikeler, BODi's Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer, commented:
"Our third quarter results demonstrated the continued successful execution of the first phase of our turnaround plan, with significant improvements in adjusted EBITDA and positive free cash flow generation. As we enter the next phase of our transformation, we are evolving our distribution model to a modern affiliate network that will broaden our market opportunities and further optimize our cost structure."
"On September 30, 2024, we announced a major change in our business model from a multi-level marketing ("MLM") to a single-level affiliate network. This pivot marks a strategic shift that will fundamentally transform our company and positions us well for long-term profitable growth. This change of our distribution strategy, combined with the expansion of our direct-to-consumer and partnership channels, represents a pivotal moment that will remove legacy barriers associated with the former MLM structure and allow us to fully capitalize on the significant market opportunity in health, nutrition, and wellness."
"We're already seeing a strong number of signups from former partners in our network to our new single level affiliate program since our November 1st launch, and with upcoming initiatives like our Belle Vitale program and expanded sales channels, we're well-positioned to help people realize their health and fitness objectives."
Third Quarter 2024 Results
1 Definitions of (1) Adjusted EBITDA, (2) free cash flow and (3) net cash position, and reconciliations to the comparable GAAP metrics, are at the end of this release.
Key Operational and Business Metrics
For the Three Months Ended |
For the Nine Months Ended |
|||||||
2024 |
2023 |
Change v 2023 |
2024 |
2023 |
Change v 2023 |
|||
Digital Subscriptions (in millions) |
1.11 |
1.38 |
(19.7%) |
1.11 |
1.38 |
(19.7%) |
||
Nutritional Subscriptions (in millions) |
0.13 |
0.18 |
(27.3%) |
0.13 |
0.18 |
(27.3%) |
||
Total Subscriptions (in millions) |
1.23 |
1.56 |
(20.6%) |
1.23 |
1.56 |
(20.6%) |
||
Average Digital Retention |
97.3% |
96.2% |
110bps |
96.5% |
95.7% |
80bps |
||
Total Streams (in millions) |
20.9 |
22.9 |
(8.9%) |
69.2 |
77.9 |
(11.2%) |
||
DAU/MAU |
31.0% |
30.8% |
20bps |
32.1% |
31.6% |
50bps |
||
Connected Fitness Units Delivered (in thousands) |
1.3 |
6.5 |
(80.8%) |
6.3 |
16.7 |
(62.1%) |
||
Digital |
$53.7 |
$64.3 |
(16.5%) |
$174.0 |
$194.3 |
(10.5%) |
||
Nutrition & Other |
$47.4 |
$59.0 |
(19.6%) |
$153.0 |
$197.7 |
(22.6%) |
||
Connected Fitness |
$1.1 |
$4.9 |
(78.2%) |
$5.4 |
$16.0 |
(66.3%) |
||
Revenue (in millions) |
$102.2 |
$128.3 |
(20.3%) |
$332.4 |
$408.1 |
(18.5%) |
||
Net Loss (in millions) |
($12.0) |
($32.7) |
63.3% |
($37.1) |
($87.6) |
57.7% |
||
Adjusted EBITDA (in millions) |
$10.1 |
($5.8) |
NM |
$19.6 |
($11.5) |
NM |
||
NM: Not Meaningful |
Outlook for The Fourth Quarter of 2024
Outlook For Quarter Ending December 31, 2024 |
|||||||
Low |
High |
||||||
(in millions) |
|||||||
Revenue |
$ |
77 |
$ |
87 |
|||
Net Loss |
$ |
(21 |
) |
$ |
(17 |
) |
|
Adjustments: |
|||||||
Depreciation 1 |
$ |
13 |
$ |
13 |
|||
Amortization of Content Assets |
$ |
3 |
$ |
3 |
|||
Interest Expense |
$ |
1 |
$ |
1 |
|||
Equity-Based Compensation |
$ |
4 |
$ |
4 |
|||
Other Adjustment Items |
$ |
2 |
$ |
2 |
|||
Total Adjustments |
$ |
23 |
$ |
23 |
|||
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ |
2 |
$ |
6 |
|||
1 Depreciation expense for the quarter ending December 31, 2024 includes $8.1 million of accelerated depreciation related to long-lived assets impacted by the Pivot (as defined later). |
Conference Call and Webcast Information
BODi will host a conference call at 5:00pm ET on Tuesday, November 12, 2024, to discuss its financial results and matters other than past results, such as guidance. To participate in the live call, please dial (833) 470-1428 (U.S. & Canada) and provide the conference identification number: 396510. The conference call will also be available to interested parties through a live webcast at https://investors.thebeachbodycompany.com/ .
A replay of the call will be available until November 19, 2024, by dialing (866) 813-9403 (U.S & Canada). The replay passcode is 516534.
After the conference call, a webcast replay will remain available on the investor relations section of the Company's website for one year.
About BODi and The Beachbody Company, Inc.
Originally known as Beachbody, BODi has been innovating structured step-by-step home fitness and nutrition programs for 25 years such as P90X, Insanity, and 21-Day Fix, plus the first premium superfood nutrition supplement, Shakeology. Since its inception in 1999 BODi has helped over 30 million customers pursue extraordinary life-changing results. The BODi community represents millions of people helping each other stay accountable to goals of healthy weight loss, improved strength and energy, and resilient mental and physical well-being. For more information, please visit TheBeachBodyCompany.com.
Safe Harbor Statement
This press release of The Beachbody Company, Inc. ("we," "us," "our," and similar terms) contains "forward-looking" statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are statements other than statements of historical facts and statements in future tense. These statements include but are not limited to, statements regarding our future performance and our market opportunity, including expected financial results for the second quarter and full year, our business strategy, our plans, and our objectives and future operations.
Forward-looking statements are based upon various estimates and assumptions, as well as information known to us as of the date hereof, and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially due to a variety of factors, including: our ability to effectively compete in the fitness and nutrition industries; our ability to successfully acquire and integrate new operations; our reliance on a few key products; market conditions and global and economic factors beyond our control; intense competition and competitive pressures from other companies worldwide in the industries in which we operate; and litigation and the ability to adequately protect our intellectual property rights. You can identify these statements by the use of terminology such as "believe", "plans", "expect", "will", "should," "could", "estimate", "anticipate" or similar forward-looking terms. You should not rely on these forward-looking statements as they involve risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to vary materially from the forward-looking statements. For more information regarding the risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements, as well as risks relating to our business in general, we refer you to the "Risk Factors" section of our Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings, including those risks and uncertainties included in the Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 11, 2024 and any subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q or Current Reports on Form 8-K, which are available on the Investor Relations page of our website at https://investors.thebeachbodycompany.com and on the SEC website at www.sec.gov.
All forward-looking statements contained herein are based on information available to us as of the date hereof and you should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, performance, or achievements. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this press release or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations, except as required by law. Undue reliance should not be placed on forward-looking statements.
The Beachbody Company, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands, except share and per share data) |
||||||||
September 30, |
December 31, |
|||||||
2024 |
2023 |
|||||||
(unaudited) |
||||||||
Assets |
||||||||
Current assets: |
||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents (restricted cash of $0.1 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively) |
$ |
32,313 |
$ |
33,409 |
||||
Restricted short-term investments |
4,250 |
4,250 |
||||||
Inventory |
18,008 |
24,976 |
||||||
Prepaid expenses |
5,880 |
10,715 |
||||||
Other current assets |
34,800 |
45,923 |
||||||
Total current assets |
95,251 |
119,273 |
||||||
Property and equipment, net |
24,905 |
45,055 |
||||||
Content assets, net |
14,498 |
21,359 |
||||||
Goodwill |
85,166 |
85,166 |
||||||
Right-of-use assets, net |
2,794 |
3,063 |
||||||
Other assets |
2,851 |
2,923 |
||||||
Total assets |
$ |
225,465 |
$ |
276,839 |
||||
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |
||||||||
Current liabilities: |
||||||||
Accounts payable |
$ |
7,110 |
$ |
10,659 |
||||
Accrued expenses |
37,928 |
42,147 |
||||||
Deferred revenue |
88,784 |
97,169 |
||||||
Current portion of lease liabilities |
1,096 |
1,835 |
||||||
Current portion of Term Loan |
11,704 |
8,068 |
||||||
Other current liabilities |
1,995 |
5,325 |
||||||
Total current liabilities |
148,617 |
165,203 |
||||||
Term Loan |
10,019 |
21,491 |
||||||
Long-term lease liabilities, net |
1,848 |
1,425 |
||||||
Deferred tax liabilities |
- |
10 |
||||||
Other liabilities |
6,606 |
5,950 |
||||||
Total liabilities |
167,090 |
194,079 |
||||||
Stockholders' equity: |
||||||||
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 |
- |
- |
||||||
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 1,900,000,000 shares authorized (1,600,000,000 Class A, 200,000,000 Class X and 100,000,000 Class C); |
||||||||
Class A: 4,187,168 and 3,978,356 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively; |
1 |
1 |
||||||
Class X: 2,729,003 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively; |
1 |
1 |
||||||
Class C: no shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 |
- |
- |
||||||
Additional paid-in capital |
667,300 |
654,657 |
||||||
Accumulated deficit |
(608,960 |
) |
(571,876 |
) |
||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |
33 |
(23 |
) |
|||||
Total stockholders' equity |
58,375 |
82,760 |
||||||
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |
$ |
225,465 |
$ |
276,839 |
The Beachbody Company, Inc. Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands, except per share data) |
||||||||||||||||
Three months ended |
Nine months ended |
|||||||||||||||
2024 |
2023 |
2024 |
2023 |
|||||||||||||
Revenue: |
||||||||||||||||
Digital |
$ |
53,702 |
$ |
64,339 |
$ |
173,979 |
$ |
194,326 |
||||||||
Nutrition and other |
47,416 |
58,981 |
153,029 |
197,729 |
||||||||||||
Connected fitness |
1,075 |
4,930 |
5,414 |
16,044 |
||||||||||||
Total revenue |
102,193 |
128,250 |
332,422 |
408,099 |
||||||||||||
Cost of revenue: |
||||||||||||||||
Digital |
10,451 |
16,429 |
34,789 |
47,732 |
||||||||||||
Nutrition and other |
19,653 |
26,699 |
61,558 |
84,940 |
||||||||||||
Connected fitness |
3,278 |
10,091 |
9,606 |
26,312 |
||||||||||||
Total cost of revenue |
33,382 |
53,219 |
105,953 |
158,984 |
||||||||||||
Gross profit |
68,811 |
75,031 |
226,469 |
249,115 |
||||||||||||
Operating expenses: |
||||||||||||||||
Selling and marketing |
45,592 |
69,127 |
161,161 |
222,195 |
||||||||||||
Enterprise technology and development |
19,382 |
18,879 |
54,261 |
56,625 |
||||||||||||
General and administrative |
11,760 |
14,759 |
37,631 |
44,362 |
||||||||||||
Restructuring |
5,087 |
1,270 |
6,731 |
6,550 |
||||||||||||
Total operating expenses |
81,821 |
104,035 |
259,784 |
329,732 |
||||||||||||
Operating loss |
(13,010 |
) |
(29,004 |
) |
(33,315 |
) |
(80,617 |
) |
||||||||
Other income (expense): |
||||||||||||||||
Loss on partial debt extinguishment |
- |
(3,168 |
) |
(1,928 |
) |
(3,168 |
) |
|||||||||
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |
1,410 |
1,072 |
1,333 |
1,504 |
||||||||||||
Interest expense |
(1,646 |
) |
(2,074 |
) |
(5,173 |
) |
(6,773 |
) |
||||||||
Other income, net |
1,358 |
571 |
2,243 |
1,551 |
||||||||||||
Loss before income taxes |
(11,888 |
) |
(32,603 |
) |
(36,840 |
) |
(87,503 |
) |
||||||||
Income tax provision |
(115 |
) |
(63 |
) |
(244 |
) |
(99 |
) |
||||||||
Net loss |
$ |
(12,003 |
) |
$ |
(32,666 |
) |
$ |
(37,084 |
) |
$ |
(87,602 |
) |
||||
Net loss per common share, basic and diluted |
$ |
(1.75 |
) |
$ |
(5.29 |
) |
$ |
(5.45 |
) |
$ |
(14.09 |
) |
||||
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted |
6,841 |
6,179 |
6,805 |
6,216 |
The Beachbody Company, Inc. Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands) |
||||||||
Nine months ended September 30, |
||||||||
2024 |
2023 |
|||||||
Cash flows from operating activities: |
||||||||
Net loss |
$ |
(37,084 |
) |
$ |
(87,602 |
) |
||
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |
||||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense |
18,756 |
31,395 |
||||||
Amortization of content assets |
12,525 |
16,487 |
||||||
Provision for inventory and inventory purchase commitments |
2,748 |
9,370 |
||||||
Realized (gains) losses on hedging derivative financial instruments |
64 |
131 |
||||||
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |
(1,333 |
) |
(1,504 |
) |
||||
Equity-based compensation |
12,695 |
19,152 |
||||||
Deferred income taxes |
2 |
(166 |
) |
|||||
Amortization of debt issuance costs |
1,751 |
1,288 |
||||||
Paid-in-kind interest expense |
633 |
1,042 |
||||||
Loss on partial debt extinguishment |
1,928 |
2,418 |
||||||
Change in lease assets |
269 |
- |
||||||
Gain on sale of property and equipment |
(784 |
) |
- |
|||||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |
||||||||
Inventory |
4,162 |
11,884 |
||||||
Content assets |
(5,664 |
) |
(8,201 |
) |
||||
Prepaid expenses |
4,835 |
4,302 |
||||||
Other assets |
11,212 |
(4,531 |
) |
|||||
Accounts payable |
(3,319 |
) |
(1,471 |
) |
||||
Accrued expenses |
(3,824 |
) |
(15,809 |
) |
||||
Deferred revenue |
(6,290 |
) |
6,995 |
|||||
Other liabilities |
(3,991 |
) |
237 |
|||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |
9,291 |
(14,583 |
) |
|||||
Cash flows from investing activities: |
||||||||
Purchase of property and equipment |
(3,974 |
) |
(5,499 |
) |
||||
Investment in restricted short-term investments |
- |
(4,250 |
) |
|||||
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment |
5,600 |
- |
||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |
1,626 |
(9,749 |
) |
|||||
Cash flows from financing activities: |
||||||||
Debt repayments |
(11,758 |
) |
(15,938 |
) |
||||
Proceeds from issuance of common shares in the Employee Stock Purchase Plan |
165 |
384 |
||||||
Tax withholding payments for vesting of restricted stock |
(217 |
) |
(2,173 |
) |
||||
Net cash used in financing activities |
(11,810 |
) |
(17,727 |
) |
||||
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |
(203 |
) |
159 |
|||||
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |
(1,096 |
) |
(41,900 |
) |
||||
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period |
33,409 |
80,091 |
||||||
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period |
$ |
32,313 |
$ |
38,191 |
||||
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |
||||||||
Cash paid during the period for interest |
$ |
2,758 |
$ |
4,177 |
||||
Cash paid (received) during the period for income taxes, net |
225 |
(10 |
) |
|||||
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing activities: |
||||||||
Property and equipment acquired but not yet paid for |
$ |
265 |
$ |
267 |
||||
Supplemental disclosure of noncash financing activities: |
||||||||
Change in fair value of Term Loan warrants due to amended exercise price |
$ |
141 |
$ |
802 |
||||
Paid-in-kind fee recorded as incremental debt issuance cost |
566 |
488 |
The Beachbody Company, Inc.
Adjusted EBITDA
We use Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP performance measure, to supplement our results presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful in evaluating our operating performance, as it is similar to measures reported by our public competitors and is regularly used by security analysts, institutional investors, and other interested parties in analyzing operating performance and prospects. Adjusted EBITDA is not intended to be a substitute for any GAAP financial measure and, as calculated, may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of performance of other companies in other industries or within the same industry.
We define and calculate Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) adjusted for depreciation and amortization, amortization of capitalized cloud computing implementation costs, amortization of content assets, interest expense, income tax provision, equity-based compensation, restructuring costs, and other items that are not normal, recurring, operating expenses necessary to operate the Company's business as described in the reconciliation below.
We include this non-GAAP financial measure because it is used by management to evaluate BODi's core operating performance and trends and to make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital and new investments. Adjusted EBITDA excludes certain expenses that are required in accordance with GAAP because they are non-cash (for example, in the case of depreciation and amortization and equity-based compensation) or are not related to our underlying business performance (for example, in the case of restructuring costs, interest income and expense).
The table below presents our Adjusted EBITDA reconciled to our net loss, the closest GAAP measure, for the periods indicated:
Three months ended |
Nine months ended |
|||||||||||||||
(in thousands) |
2024 |
2023 |
2024 |
2023 |
||||||||||||
Net loss |
$ |
(12,003 |
) |
$ |
(32,666 |
) |
$ |
(37,084 |
) |
$ |
(87,602 |
) |
||||
Adjusted for : |
||||||||||||||||
Loss on partial debt extinguishment (1) |
- |
3,168 |
1,928 |
3,168 |
||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization (2) |
7,967 |
9,763 |
18,756 |
31,395 |
||||||||||||
Amortization of capitalized cloud computing implementation costs |
37 |
41 |
112 |
122 |
||||||||||||
Amortization of content assets |
3,873 |
5,467 |
12,525 |
16,487 |
||||||||||||
Interest expense |
1,646 |
2,074 |
5,173 |
6,773 |
||||||||||||
Income tax provision |
115 |
63 |
244 |
99 |
||||||||||||
Equity-based compensation (3) |
3,591 |
6,436 |
12,695 |
19,152 |
||||||||||||
Employee incentives, expected to be settled in equity (4) |
- |
- |
- |
(5,466 |
) |
|||||||||||
Pivot restructuring (5) |
6,531 |
- |
6,531 |
- |
||||||||||||
Restructuring and platform consolidation costs (6) |
- |
1,270 |
1,644 |
7,222 |
||||||||||||
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |
(1,410 |
) |
(1,072 |
) |
(1,333 |
) |
(1,504 |
) |
||||||||
Gain on sale of property and equipment |
- |
- |
(784 |
) |
- |
|||||||||||
Non-operating (7) |
(211 |
) |
(377 |
) |
(789 |
) |
(1,340 |
) |
||||||||
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ |
10,136 |
$ |
(5,833 |
) |
$ |
19,618 |
$ |
(11,494 |
) |
||||||
1 Represents the loss related to the $1.0 million, $5.5 million and $4.0 million partial debt prepayments that the Company made on January 9, 2024, February 29, 2024 and April 5, 2024, respectively, and the $15.0 million partial debt prepayment that the Company made on July 24, 2023. |
The Beachbody Company, Inc.
Net Cash Position and Free Cash Flow
N et Cash Position
We use net cash position, which is a non-GAAP liquidity measure, to supplement our liquidity as presented in accordance with GAAP. We believe that net cash position is useful in viewing our liquidity, as it is similar to measures reported by our public competitors and is regularly used by security analysts, institutional investors, and other interested parties in analyzing liquidity. Net cash position is not intended to be a substitute for GAAP financial measures and, as calculated may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of liquidity for other companies in other industries or within the same industry.
The table below presents our net cash position, which is our cash and cash equivalents less the debt on our balance sheet for the periods indicated:
September 30, |
December 31, |
|||||||
(in thousands) |
2024 |
2023 |
||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ |
32,313 |
$ |
33,409 |
||||
Less: |
||||||||
Current portion of Term Loan |
11,704 |
8,068 |
||||||
Term Loan |
10,019 |
21,491 |
||||||
Net cash position |
$ |
10,590 |
$ |
3,850 |
Free Cash Flow
We use free cash flow, which is a non-GAAP liquidity measure, to supplement our cash provided by (used in) operating activities as presented in accordance with GAAP. We believe that free cash flow is useful in evaluating our liquidity, as it is similar to measures reported by our public competitors and is regularly used by security analysts, institutional investors, and other interested parties in analyzing liquidity. Free cash flow is not intended to be a substitute for GAAP financial measures and, as calculated may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of liquidity for other companies in other industries or within the same industry.
The table below presents our free cash flow, which is our net cash provided by (used in) operating activities less cash used for the purchase of property and equipment for the periods indicated:
Nine months ended September 30, |
||||||||
(in thousands) |
2024 |
2023 |
||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |
$ |
9,291 |
$ |
(14,583 |
) |
|||
Less: |
||||||||
Cash used in the purchase of property and equipment |
3,974 |
5,499 |
||||||
Free cash flow |
$ |
5,317 |
$ |
(20,082 |
) |
Pivot Restructuring
On September 30, 2024, the Company announced the Pivot which will convert the Company's MLM model to a single level affiliate model and will reduce the employee headcount by approximately 170 employees (33% of the Company's workforce on that date) in the fourth quarter of 2024. The actions associated with the Pivot are expected to result in approximately $18.4 million in costs, with approximately $9.2 million recorded in the Company's unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations in the three and nine months ending September 30, 2024 with approximately $9.2 million expected to be recorded in the three months ended December 31, 2024.
The following table details the costs incurred and benefits realized associated with the Pivot in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024:
Pivot Restructuring |
Three and Nine months |
|||
(in thousands) |
2024 |
|||
Termination and retention benefits (1) |
$ |
5,087 |
||
Accelerated depreciation on long-lived assets (2) |
2,936 |
|||
Incremental inventory adjustments (3) |
1,444 |
|||
Modification of stock awards (4) |
(308 |
) |
||
Total Restructuring Costs |
$ |
9,159 |
||
(1) Termination and retention benefits which are included in restructuring expense in the Company's unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations of approximately $5.1 million were recorded in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The Company expects to record an additional $1.1 million in restructuring expense in the three months ended December 31, 2024. |
Investor Relations
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