Supplemental Prospectus - Form 424B4

 Filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4)​

 Registration No. 333-282736​

PROSPECTUS

132,814 SHARES OF COMMON STOCK
       PRE-FUNDED WARRANTS TO PURCHASE 1,533,852 SHARES OF COMMON STOCK
1,533,852 SHARES OF COMMON STOCK ISSUABLE UPON THE EXERCISE OF THE PRE-FUNDED WARRANTS

iSpecimen Inc.

We are offering on a best-efforts basis 132,814 shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the "Shares") at a public offering price of $3.00 per share.

We are also offering to each purchaser of Shares that would otherwise result in the purchaser's beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% of our outstanding shares of common stock immediately following the consummation of this offering the opportunity to purchase one Pre-Funded Warrant (in lieu of one share of common stock) (each a "Pre-Funded Warrant"). A holder of Pre-Funded Warrants will not have the right to exercise any portion of its Pre-Funded Warrants if the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder, such limit may be increased to up to 9.99%) of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. Each Pre-Funded Warrant will be exercisable for one share of common stock. The purchase price of each Pre-Funded Warrant will be equal to the price per Share, minus $0.0001, and the remaining exercise price of each Pre-Funded Warrant will equal $0.0001 per share. The Pre-Funded Warrants will be immediately exercisable (subject to the beneficial ownership cap) and may be exercised at any time until all of the Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full. For each Pre-Funded Warrant we sell (without regard to any limitation on exercise set forth therein), the number of Shares we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis.

We are registering the Shares and the shares of common stock issuable from time to time upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants hereby.

Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq under the symbol "ISPC". On October 29, 2024, the reported closing price of our common stock was $4.22 per share. There is no established public trading market for the Pre-Funded Warrants. We do not intend to apply for listing of the Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited.

The final public offering price was determined through negotiation between us and the investors based upon a number of factors, including our history and our prospects, the industry in which we operate, our past and present operating results, the previous experience of our executive officers and the general condition of the securities markets at the time of this offering.

We expect this offering to be completed not later than October 31, 2024, and we will deliver all securities to be issued in connection with this offering delivery versus payment/receipt versus payment upon receipt of investor funds received by us. Accordingly, neither we nor WestPark Capital, Inc., whom we have engaged as the exclusive placement agent for this offering ("WestPark" or the "Placement Agent") have made any arrangements to place investor funds in an escrow account or trust account since the Placement Agent will not receive investor funds in connection with the sale of the securities offered hereunder.

We have engaged WestPark as our exclusive placement agent to use its reasonable best efforts to solicit offers to purchase our securities in this offering. The Placement Agent is not purchasing or selling any of the securities we are offering and is not required to arrange for the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of the securities. We have agreed to pay the Placement Agent the Placement Agent fees set forth in the table below. See "Plan of Distribution" in this prospectus for more information.

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(1)

In connection with this offering, we have agreed to pay to WestPark as placement agent a cash fee equal to 4% of the gross proceeds received by us in the offering. We have also agreed to reimburse WestPark for all expenses related to the offering up to $100,000 for reimbursement of legal expenses and other out-of-pocket expenses in connection with its engagement as placement agent See "Plan of Distribution."

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(2)

Assumes investors purchase only Shares and no Pre-Funded Warrants in this offering.

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Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See the section entitled "Risk Factors" beginning on page 16 of the prospectus. You should carefully consider these risk factors, as well as the information contained in this prospectus before you invest.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

WestPark Capital

The date of this prospectus is October 29, 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. See "Risk Factors" and "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements."

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

The information contained in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. You should rely only on the information provided in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, or in a related free writing prospectus, or documents to which we otherwise refer you. We have not authorized anyone else to provide you with different information.

We have not authorized any dealer, agent or other person to give any information or to make any representation other than those contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus. You must not rely upon any information or representation not contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus. This prospectus and any related free writing prospectus, if any, do not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the registered securities to which they relate, nor do this prospectus and any related free writing prospectus, if any, constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation in such jurisdiction. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus and any related free writing prospectus, if any, is accurate on any date subsequent to the date set forth on the front of such prospectus, even though this prospectus and any related free writing prospectus is delivered or securities are sold on a later date.

We have not done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus or any free writing prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. You are required to inform yourself about and to observe any restrictions relating as to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus and any such free writing prospectus outside the United States.

We further note that the representations, warranties and covenants made by us in any agreement that is filed as an exhibit to any document that is incorporated by reference in this prospectus were made solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, including, in some cases, for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to such agreements, and should not be deemed to be a representation, warranty or covenant to you. Moreover, such representations, warranties or covenants were accurate only as of the date when made. Accordingly, such representations, warranties and covenants should not be relied on as accurately representing the current state of our affairs.

Except where the context otherwise requires or where otherwise indicated, the terms "iSpecimen," "ISPC," "we," "us," "our," "our company," "Company" and "our business" refer to iSpecimen.

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​

​

​

​

June 30, 2024

​

​

December 31, 2023

​

Americas

​

​

​

​

70.01%

​

​

​

​

​

64.87%

​

​

Europe, Middle East and Africa

​

​

​

​

28.41%

​

​

​

​

​

23.08%

​

​

Asia Pacific

​

​

​

​

1.58%

​

​

​

​

​

12.05%

​

​

​

​

​

June 30, 2024

​

​

December 31, 2023

​

Americas

​

​

​

​

85.79%

​

​

​

​

​

89.93%

​

​

Europe, Middle East and Africa

​

​

​

​

12.54%

​

​

​

​

​

9.10%

​

​

Asia Pacific

​

​

​

​

1.67%

​

​

​

​

​

0.97%

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Years Ended December 31,

​

​

Six Months Ended June 30,

​

​

​

​

2023

​

​

2022

​

​

2024

​

​

2023

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

(unaudited)

​

​

(unaudited)

​

Revenue

​

​

​

$

9,928,184

​

​

​

​

$

10,402,303

​

​

​

​

$

5,153,672

​

​

​

​

$

4,575,339

​

​

Total operating expenses

​

​

​

​

21,097,533

​

​

​

​

​

20,588,385

​

​

​

​

​

10,335,857

​

​

​

​

​

10,679,584

​

​

Loss from operations

​

​

​

​

(11,169,349)

​

​

​

​

​

(10,186,082)

​

​

​

​

​

(5,182,185)

​

​

​

​

​

(6,104,245)

​

​

Other income (expense), net

​

​

​

​

69,861

​

​

​

​

​

(59,840)

​

​

​

​

​

171,044

​

​

​

​

​

188,819

​

​

Net loss

​

​

​

$

(11,099,488)

​

​

​

​

$

(10,245,922)

​

​

​

​

$

(5,011,141)

​

​

​

​

$

(5,915,426)

​

​

Net loss per share - basic and diluted

​

​

​

$

(24.55)

​

​

​

​

$

(23.17)

​

​

​

​

$

(9.79)

​

​

​

​

$

(13.13)

​

​

Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding - basic and diluted

​

​

​

​

452,189

​

​

​

​

​

442,235

​

​

​

​

​

511,827

​

​

​

​

​

450,582

​

​

​	​	​	June 30, 2024	​
​	​	​	(unaudited)	​
Balance Sheet Data:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Cash	​	​	​	$	2,151,243	​	​
Working capital(1)	​	​	​	​	(577,321)	​	​
Total assets	​	​	​	​	11,901,858	​	​
Total liabilities	​	​	​	​	5,812,574	​	​
Accumulated deficit	​	​	​	​	(64,375,953)	​	​
Total stockholders' equity	​	​	​	​	6,089,284	​	​

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RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this prospectus, including our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and in the section titled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," before deciding whether to invest in our common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially and adversely affected if any of these risks occurs, and as a result, the market price of our common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment. This prospectus also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements." Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth below. For a summary of these risk factors, please see "Summary of Risk Factors" in the section titled "Prospectus Summary" beginning on page 1 of this prospectus.

Risks Related to Our Business

We have incurred losses since inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future. We are not currently profitable, and we may never achieve or sustain profitability.

We were founded in 2009 and completed our first commercial sale in 2012. We did not start generating revenues until 2016. We are not profitable and have incurred losses in each period since our inception in 2009. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we reported net losses of $11,099,488 and $10,245,922, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we reported net losses of $5,011,141 and $5,915,426, respectively. We had an accumulated deficit of $59,364,812 as of December 31, 2023 and $64,375,953 as of June 30, 2024.

We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect these losses to increase as we continue to invest in the growth of our business. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. The magnitude of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate and grow revenue. Even if we achieve profitability in a future period, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and will continue to have adverse effects on our stockholders' equity and working capital.

There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our audited financial statements included in this prospectus include an explanatory paragraph that indicates that they were prepared assuming that we would continue as a going concern. We have suffered recurring net losses and accumulated deficits as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024. These conditions raise substantial doubts about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our plan for continuing as a going concern includes improving our profitability and obtaining additional financing, including public and private placements of capital stock for additional funding to meet our operating needs. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in our plans described above or in attracting equity or alternative financing on acceptable terms, or if at all. These consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that may cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements of our financial statements. If we fail to remediate this material weakness or if we otherwise fail to establish and maintain effective control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be adversely affected.

We are required to comply with the SEC's rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires management to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our controls over financial reporting. We are also required to make assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404. We have included in this prospectus management's assessment disclosure of any material weaknesses in our

internal control over financial reporting. Our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC, following the later of the date we are deemed to be an "accelerated filer" or a "large accelerated filer," each as defined in the Exchange Act. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years after the date of our IPO.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

As described elsewhere in this prospectus, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to a failure to design and maintain adequate controls to maintain appropriate documentation for the tax exempt status of its customers, calculate and collect sales tax at point of sale, and subsequently report and remit in a timely manner to the relevant tax jurisdictions sales tax obligations.

We initiated and implemented several remediation measures including, but not limited to, (i) engaging external tax advisors to complement internal resources and efforts and provide support in assessing the appropriate sales tax treatment associated with the Company's products for all prior years in which the Company had generated revenue, (ii) obtaining sales tax exemption letters, representation letters or proof of payments of compensating use tax from our customers and we have started a collection effort of these sales taxes from certain customers who have notified the Company that they do not have a sales tax exemption letter, (iii) implementing a sales tax software platform solution for the calculation, communication, collection, and remittance of sales tax for all non-exempt future sales, and assisting with the collection and tracking of Voluntary Disclosure Agreements received from states where a potential sales tax liability may exist, (iv) designing and implementing enhanced policies, procedures and controls related to the calculation, communication, collection, and remittance of sales tax to relevant jurisdictions, and (v) training appropriate personnel in the effective design and execution of our enhanced policies, procedures, and controls, including the importance of the ongoing, consistent effective execution of such procedures and controls.

We believe the measures described above should address the material weakness identified and strengthen our internal control over financial reporting. These measures are expected to result in future costs for us. While we continue the process to implement our plan to remediate the material weakness, we cannot predict the success of such plan or the outcome of our assessment of this plan until the remediation initiatives have been completed and have been operating effectively for a sufficient period of time. We can give no assurance that these measures will remediate the deficiencies in internal control or that additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our financial statements that may lead to a restatement of our financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, any of which could diminish investor confidence in us and cause a decline in our stock price.

We may identify future material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting or fail to meet the demands that will be placed upon us as a public company, including the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and we may be unable to accurately report our financial results, or report them within the timeframes required by law or stock exchange regulations. We cannot assure that additional material weaknesses will not exist or otherwise be discovered, any of which could adversely affect our reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

We may likely require additional capital in the future and an inability to meet future capital needs could adversely impact our ability to operate.

We require substantial capital to fund our business growth and we will likely need additional capital in the future to fund our operations. In addition to investing in personnel growth commensurate with business growth, we believe we must continue to invest in the development of our iSpecimen Marketplace platform to enhance and improve its performance, functionality, ease of use, and reliability to carry out our business strategies. New industry standards, the availability of alternative products, and evolving life science research needs could render our products and services obsolete and/or new third-party marketplace technology may be introduced that makes it easier for our competitors to create their own marketplace platforms. Our success will

depend, in part, on our ability to develop new products and services and make corresponding technology enhancements that address the increasingly sophisticated and varied needs of our suppliers and customers and respond to technological advances and emerging industry standards and practices on a cost-effective and timely basis. We cannot be certain that additional financing will be available to us if required on favorable terms or at all. To the extent that we cannot raise capital if needed, we may not be able to continue operations.

Our revenue trend is not predictive, which can lead to difficulty in accurately forecasting future results.

Our revenue trend is not predictive and our ability to accurately forecast future results is limited and is impacted by a number of factors, including:

•

Our revenue is transactional and not recurring. Researchers pay us to provide specimens when they have a need for specimens. We do not currently charge our customer or supply chain for access to the iSpecimen Marketplace;

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•

Our revenue is significantly concentrated and varies by customer year-over-year. There was one customer that accounted for approximately 25% of our revenue in 2023. In the six months ended June 30, 2024, there was one customer that represented approximately 26% of our revenue;

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•

Researcher needs may change over the lifetime of a project, based on the stage of the project. A research customer in one time period may not have a need for specimens again in the next;

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•

Research projects get terminated or suspended for a variety of reasons, including funding issues or unexpected results. Any termination or suspension of a project may cause a corresponding cancellation or delay in purchase orders we have received for specimens; and

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•

Suppliers may not accurately estimate how long it will take them to fulfill specimen requests, making it more difficult to accurately forecast when we will recognize revenue on these specimen requests.

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Many of these are outside of our control and all of which may change from time to time. Our historical revenue results should not be taken as predictive of future performance. There are many risks that could impact future performance resulting in variations in expected results which could lead to a negative business impact.

Our growth strategy may not prove viable and we may not realize expected results.

Our business strategy is to grow by improving and expanding iSpecimen's Marketplace platform. This growth is expected to come through: (i) expansion of our platform capabilities to drive increased acquisition of annotated biospecimens through the platform, (ii) further expansion of our customer and supplier base in and outside the United States, and (iii) expansion into new lines of business such as patient recruitment and data licensing. Expansion of our existing business and entry into new lines of business will require a significant investment in technology development, supply development, operations, and marketing and sales. We may not achieve market expansion and acceptance and we may incur problems introducing new solutions and services. We may experience losses related to these investments, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our growth strategy involves a number of risks and uncertainties, including:

•

We may not successfully enter into contracts with healthcare providers to gain access to specimens, subjects, and data on terms favorable to us or at all. This can limit our ability to grow in existing lines of business and expand into new lines of business;

​

•

We may not obtain new customers or may lose existing customers if we cannot offer products and services that they need on a timely basis or at all;

​

•

We may fail in the development of our technology and it may not adequately keep pace to support an expansion of our existing line of business or our entry into new lines of businesses;

​

•

The market adoption rate of our marketplace technology may be too slow, and we may fail to get our customers and suppliers to transact for products and services using our technology;

​

•

We may fail to continue to expand outside of the United States, especially if we are required to comply with laws and regulations that differ from geographies in which we currently operate;

​

•

We may fail to gain market acceptance for new products or services; and/or

​

•

We may lose to competitors, some of whom may have greater resources than we do. This competition may intensify due to the ongoing consolidation in the biospecimen industry, which may increase our costs to pursue opportunities.

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If we fail to properly evaluate and execute existing and new business opportunities properly, we may not achieve anticipated benefits and may incur increased costs. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully capitalize on growth opportunities, which may adversely impact our business model, revenues, results of operations, and financial condition.

International operation expansion could expose us to additional risks which could harm our business, prospects, results of operation, and financial condition.

We operate internationally and expect to expand internationally. For example, we procure specimens from sites outside of the United States and we also distribute samples to organizations located around the world. As of June 30, 2024, we had customers in 26 countries and supply sites in nine (9) countries. International expansion exposes us to additional risks, including:

•

changes in local political, economic, social, and labor conditions, which may adversely affect our business;

​

•

risks associated with trade restrictions and foreign import requirements, including the importation and exportation of our solutions, as well as changes in trade, tariffs, restrictions or requirements;

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•

heightened risks of unethical, unfair or corrupt business practices, actual or claimed, in certain geographies;

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•

fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which may make doing business with us less appealing as our contracts are generally denominated in U.S. dollars;

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•

greater difficulty in enforcing contracts;

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•

lack of brand awareness that can make commercializing our products more difficult and expensive;

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•

management communication and integration problems resulting from cultural differences and geographic dispersion;

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•

the uncertainty and limitation of protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;

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•

increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities as a result of being a public company;

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•

lack of familiarity with local laws, customs and practices, and laws and business practices favoring local competitors or partners;

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•

potentially different pricing environments, longer payment cycles in some countries, increased credit risk, and higher levels of payment fraud;

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•

uncertainty regarding liability for products and services, including uncertainty as a result of local laws and lack of legal precedent;

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•

different employee/employer relationships, existence of workers' councils and labor unions, and other challenges caused by distance, language, and cultural differences, making it harder to do business in certain jurisdictions;

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•

compliance with complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations applicable to international operations may increase the cost of doing business in international jurisdictions. These numerous and sometimes conflicting laws and regulations include internal control and disclosure rules, data privacy requirements, research ethics and compliance laws, anti-corruption laws, and anti-competition regulations, among others. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines and penalties, criminal sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and on our ability to offer our products and services in one or more countries, and could also materially affect our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business, and our operating results; and

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•

instability, disruption or destruction in a significant geographic region, regardless of cause, including war, terrorism, riot, civil insurrection or social unrest; and natural or man-made disasters, including famine, flood, fire, earthquake, storm or disease, including without limitation, the war between Russia and Ukraine which started in February 2022, regions from which we obtain specimen supplies.

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The occurrence of any one of these risks could harm our international business and, consequently, our results of operations. Additionally, operating in international markets requires significant management attention and financial resources. We cannot be certain that the investment and additional resources required to operate in other countries will produce desired levels of revenue or profitability.

We, or the third parties who provide services for us, may be adversely affected by external events for which our business continuity plans may not adequately prepare us.

The occurrence of severe weather, natural disasters, health epidemics, acts of war or terrorism, military conflicts such as the war between Russia and Ukraine, and other adverse external events or conditions that impact us or the operations of third parties who provide services for us have the potential to significantly impact our ability to conduct business. Although we have business continuity plans in place, including an emergency succession plan, there is no guarantee that our plans can be successfully implemented. Even if we were to successfully implement our continuity plans, we may incur substantial expenses and there is no guarantee that our business, financial condition, and results of operations will not be materially impacted.

We rely upon our technology solution for the operation of our business and if our technology platform contains defects or fails to perform as expected, we may need to suspend its availability and divert development resources, and our business and reputation may be harmed.

Technology as complex as ours may contain unknown and undetected errors or performance problems. There could be numerous reasons for performance and quality issues including new and updated features, defects in integrated commercial and open source technologies, outages and disruptions in the cloud infrastructure on which our platform relies, human error or malfeasance, scale constraints, design flaws, and bad actions by external factors including security and performance related incidents. Many serious defects are frequently found during the period immediately following introduction and initial release of new capabilities or enhancements to existing platforms. Although we attempt to resolve errors that we believe would be considered serious by our users before making our platforms available to them, our products are not error-free. If a significant failure occurs that prevents our customers, suppliers, or our Company from using the iSpecimen Marketplace, our operations may be disrupted, and it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible for us to continue our business for a period of time until the failure is corrected. Any performance or quality problem could result in lost revenues or delays in user acceptance that would be detrimental to our business and reputation. We may not be able to detect and correct errors before releasing our product commercially. Undetected errors or performance problems in our existing or future products may be discovered in the future and known errors, considered minor by us, may be considered serious by our customers, resulting in a loss of customers and a decrease in our revenues.

Sustainable future revenue growth is dependent upon the development of technology solutions that enable scale and address new markets.

Our iSpecimen Marketplace technology consists of four major functional areas: data ingestion and harmonization, search, workflow management, and administration, compliance and reporting. Each of these functional areas need continual development to both enable our current business to scale and to enable us to enter new markets. As financial resources become available, our intention is to focus most of our engineering resources on the development of the iSpecimen Marketplace platform for the foreseeable future. In fiscal year 2023, we incurred $5,386,165 in technology expenses, and capitalized $3,767,332 for internally developed software. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, we incurred $1,196,026 in technology expenses, and capitalized $447,687 for internally developed software. While we have spent a significant amount of time and resources on the development of this platform, we cannot provide any assurances of our iSpecimen Marketplace's short or long-term success or growth and there is no assurance that the resources being allocated for the platform will be sufficient to complete planned additional capabilities, or that such completion will

result in significant revenues or profit for us. If our customers or suppliers do not perceive this platform to be of high value and quality, we may not be able to retain them or acquire new customers or suppliers.

Our platform may become technologically obsolete or commoditized.

We must continue to enhance and improve the performance, functionality, ease of use, and reliability of our iSpecimen Marketplace platform or it may become obsolete or commoditized. New industry standards, the availability of alternative products, and evolving life science research needs could render our products and services obsolete and/or new third-party marketplace technology may be introduced that makes it easier for our competitors to create their own marketplace platforms. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to develop new products and services that address the increasingly sophisticated and varied needs of our suppliers and customers and respond to technological advances and emerging industry standards and practices on a cost-effective and timely basis. The development of our technology involves significant technical and business risks. We may fail to use new technologies effectively or to adapt our proprietary technology and systems to user requirements or emerging industry standards. If we are unable to adapt to changing market conditions, user requirements, or emerging industry standards, we may not be able to increase our revenue and expand our business. Additionally, if existing or future competitors develop or offer products or services that provide significant performance, price, creative or other advantages over this platform, demand for our services through the iSpecimen Marketplace may decrease and our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

If our security measures are breached, or if our services are subject to attacks that degrade or deny the ability of users to access our platforms, our platforms and applications may be perceived as not being secure, customers and suppliers may curtail or stop using our services, and we may incur significant legal and financial exposure.

Our platforms and the network infrastructure that are hosted by third-party providers involve the storage and transmission of healthcare data as well as proprietary information about organizations and programs, and security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss of this information, litigation, and potential liability. Our security measures may be breached due to the actions of outside parties, employee error, malfeasance, security flaws in the third party hosting service that we rely upon, or any number of other reasons and, as a result, an unauthorized party may obtain access to our suppliers' or customers' data. Although we have never had any breach of data in our third-party provider's environment, any future breach or unauthorized access could result in significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation, and a loss of confidence in the security of our platforms and applications that could potentially have an adverse effect on our business. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures on a timely basis. If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed and we could lose suppliers and customers and we may have difficulty obtaining merchant processors or insurance coverage essential for our operations.

We, and the third-party providers upon which we rely, have experienced, and may in the future experience, cybersecurity threats, including threats or attempts to disrupt our information technology infrastructure and unauthorized attempts to gain access to sensitive or confidential information. Our and our third-party vendors' technology systems may be damaged or compromised by malicious events, such as cyberattacks (including computer viruses, malicious and destructive code, phishing attacks, and denial of service attacks), physical or electronic security breaches, natural disasters, fire, power loss, telecommunications failures, personnel misconduct, and human error. Such attacks or security breaches may be perpetrated by internal bad actors, such as employees or contractors, or by third parties (including traditional computer hackers, persons involved with organized crime, or foreign state or foreign state-supported actors). Cybersecurity threats can employ a wide variety of methods and techniques, which may include the use of social engineering techniques, are constantly evolving, and have become increasingly complex and sophisticated; all of which increase the difficulty of detecting and successfully defending against them. Furthermore, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until after they are launched against a target, we and our third-party providers may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. Although prior cyberattacks directed at us have not had a material impact on our financial results, and we are continuing to bolster our threat detection and

mitigation processes and procedures, we cannot guarantee that future cyberattacks, if successful, will not have a material impact on our business or financial results. While we have security measures in place to protect our information and our customers' and suppliers' information and to prevent data loss and other security breaches, there can be no assurance that in the future we will be able to anticipate or prevent security breaches or unauthorized access of our information technology systems or the information technology systems of the third-party providers upon which we rely. Despite our implementation of network security measures and internal information security policies, data stored on personnel computer systems is also vulnerable to similar security breaches, unauthorized tampering or human error.

Many governments and other regulatory bodies including the SEC have enacted laws requiring companies to provide notice of data security incidents involving certain types of data, including personal data. If an actual or perceived breach of security measures, unauthorized access to our system or the systems of the third-party providers that we rely upon, or any other cybersecurity threat occurs, we may face direct or indirect liability, costs, or damages, contract termination, our reputation in the industry and with current and potential customers may be compromised, our ability to attract new customers could be negatively affected, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We maintain cybersecurity insurance and other types of insurance, subject to applicable deductibles and policy limits, but our insurance may not be sufficient to cover all costs associated with a potential data security incident. We also cannot be sure that our existing general liability insurance coverage and coverage for cyber liability or errors or omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could harm our financial condition.

Changes in demand for our products and services could affect profitability.

We are fundamentally a matchmaking service provider between researchers who have needs for access to subjects, samples, and data, and healthcare providers and other organizations that have them. Any change that either reduces the demand for our services or changes the composition of the demand could adversely impact our financial results.

Overall customer demand could change for many reasons outside of our control, reducing demand or making it more difficult to match up to our supply chain's capabilities. These reasons include:

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general economic downturn that impacts the research and development budgets of biopharma;

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changes in the disease landscape, like COVID-19, that affect the types of products and services needed;

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changes in drugs and therapies and the desire to study subjects on these drugs and therapies;

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changes in diagnostic tests performed (like genomic sequencing) that drive the need for subjects and samples with these new or novel test results;

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changes in data requirements, such as the need to know specific outcomes data;

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overall changes in biomarker research, such as emerging liquid biopsy or cell therapy research, that drives the need for different products and services;

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leadership changes within our customers resulting in loss of sponsorship;

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new (alternative) products introduced by competitors and/or developed by customers, which may have potential to reduce or replace the need for certain types of biospecimens that we provide;

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competitive forces, which make it easier for customers to find products and services elsewhere; and/or

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cancellation or delay of research programs, due to funding issues or preliminary research result issues.

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If we fail to address these factors in a timely manner or at all, our financial results could be adversely affected.

Additionally, overall customer demand could decrease if we fail to:

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provide high quality products and services;

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provide products and services at a competitive price;

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deliver products and services in a reasonable amount of time;

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offer high levels of customer service;

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offer adjacent services that researchers want to procure along with our existing products and services;

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adequately invest in sales and marketing programs and teams to drive demand or operational support to fulfill requests;

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develop a large and diverse supply network to satisfy demand; or

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provide a technology solution that simplifies the biospecimen procurement process for researchers and specimen providers alike.

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We incur credit risk with our customers, and we may provide them with products and services for which we do not get paid.

Our customers generally place orders for our products and services using a purchase order and we invoice our customers after they have received the products or services from us. During this procurement process, we become obligated to pay our suppliers for any products or services we procure from them on behalf of our customers regardless of whether our customers ultimately pay us for these products or services. Therefore, we bear the responsibility for the credit risk of our customers. We mitigate this credit risk through procedures that evaluate the creditworthiness of customers prior to accepting a purchase order from them. However, our procedures may not successfully identify all those who ultimately fail to pay us for our products and services and any non-payments may negatively impact our revenues, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our customer mix increases the risk of customers not paying our invoices.

We derive, and believe that we may continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenues from privately held, investor-backed biopharma companies that are not profitable and have little operating history. These organizations may be at a higher risk of not paying for provided products and services on a timely basis or at all. If these companies fail to pay our invoices, our profitability will be adversely impacted.

We rely upon relatively few customers for a significant portion of revenue and do not have a recurring revenue business model. A loss of large customers could affect our ability to operate.

We have derived, and believe that we may continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of customers that vary each year. During the year ended December 31, 2023, one customer represented 25% of the Company's revenues, and during the year ended December 31, 2022, two customers represented 14% and 12% of our revenue, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, one customer represented 26% of the Company's revenues, and during the six months ended June 30, 2023, one customer represented 21% of our revenue, respectively. We do not have a recurring revenue model and our customers may buy less of our products or services depending on their research and development cycles, internal budget cycles, product and service requirements, and competitive offerings. A major customer in one year may not purchase any of our products or services in another year, which may adversely affect our financial performance.

Customers and customer prospects may be averse to using a self-service marketplace to procure specimens and may continue to require iSpecimen personnel in the procurement process, impacting our scalability and profitability.

The iSpecimen Marketplace functions as a lead generation system to capture customer requests for specimens and as a workflow engine to allow customers, suppliers, and our Company to track and manage specimen requests. Currently, it does not fully support self-service eCommerce because key capabilities required to satisfy these transactions across all of our product lines, such as a pricing engine and patient-level search, have yet to be incorporated. Therefore, currently all customer requests for specimens require assistance from iSpecimen sales personnel. At a minimum, our sales personnel are involved in the generation of customer quotes, but they often also act in a consulting role to help develop specimen request specifications on more complex projects or to perform searches on the customer or customer prospect's behalf.

While we continue to invest in capabilities to support customer self-service in the iSpecimen Marketplace, we do not know when we will consider these capabilities to be fully developed. Additionally, we do not know if researchers will utilize the iSpecimen Marketplace to transact without the intervention of iSpecimen personnel which could limit our scalability. We may continue to invest in software which may never provide a return on its investment and diverts resources from the development of software that drives other parts of our procurement workflow.

Our business may be materially and adversely impacted by the reduction, delay or cancellation of orders from our customers.

Our contracts with our customers generally allow them to reduce, delay, or cancel the unfulfilled portion of their specimen order with a two-week notice. Customers may reduce, delay, or cancel their unfulfilled orders due to a variety of reasons including they make changes to project requirements and the open request no longer meets their needs; their budgets change or projects get cancelled; they place orders with multiple specimen providers and cancel open orders when they have procured sufficient quantity of samples across all their sources; or we are unable to fulfill the entire order before the project deadline. For orders received in 2023 and 2022, we fulfilled approximately 77% and 76%, respectively, of the total value of these orders. For orders received in the six months ended June 30, 2024, we fulfilled approximately 63% of the total value of these orders. Our orders are a mix of specimens for immediate fulfillment to long term studies, that can take up to a year or longer to fulfill. We expect this six-month value to continue increasing as long running projects continue. The six-month actual percentage has not been annualized to take into consideration long term or open-ended projects that are not intended to be completely fulfilled at year end. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially and adversely impacted by the reduction, delay or cancellation of orders.

We have entered into contracts with U.S. government agencies and contractors which subjects us to federal contract and audit risks.

We entered into contracts with U.S. government agencies and contractors, representing approximately 1.0% and 8.3% of our total revenue for 2023 and 2022, respectively, and approximately 0.1% and 0.6% of our total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, that may contain unfavorable termination provisions and are subject to audit and modification by the government at its sole discretion, which subjects us to additional risks. These risks include the ability of the U.S. government to unilaterally:

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suspend or prevent us for a set period of time from receiving new contracts or extending existing contracts;

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terminate our existing contracts;

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reduce the scope and value of our existing contracts;

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audit and object to our contract-related costs and fees, including allocated indirect costs; and

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change certain terms and conditions in our contracts.

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The U.S. government may terminate any of its contracts with us either for its convenience or if we default by failing to perform in accordance with the contract schedule and terms. Termination for convenience provisions may enable us to recover only our costs incurred or committed, and settlement expenses and profit on the work completed prior to termination. Termination for default provisions may not permit these recoveries and make us liable for excess costs incurred by the U.S. government in procuring undelivered items from another source.

As a U.S. government contractor and subcontractor, we may become subject to periodic audits and reviews. Based on the results of these audits, the U.S. government may adjust our contract-related costs and fees, including allocated indirect costs. As part of any such audit or review, the U.S. government may review the adequacy of, and our compliance with, our internal control systems and policies, including those relating to our purchasing, property, compensation, and/or management information systems. In addition, if an audit or review uncovers any improper or illegal activity, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of our contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspension or prohibition from doing business with the U.S. government.

We could also suffer serious harm to our reputation if allegations of impropriety were made against us. Although we have not had any government audits and reviews to date, future audits and reviews could cause adverse effects.

Sustainable future revenue growth is dependent on growth in the capabilities of our supply network which we may not be able to achieve.

Our business is fundamentally a match-making business between healthcare providers who have access to subjects, samples, and data and life science researchers who need them. Currently, we receive more requests for our products and services than we have access to in our supply network and we are therefore supply constrained. Although we continue to allocate resources to supply development and commensurately grow our supply network capabilities to keep pace with demand, this supply-demand imbalance could increase in the future if we do not continue or increase our investment in this area.

Additionally, demand for specimens we receive is becoming more specific, requiring access to a greater population of subjects, samples, and data to find those that meet a researcher's inclusion and exclusion criteria. It takes a larger network of subjects, samples, and data to access a wide enough population of subjects to meet a growing number of requests with more stringent criteria. Delays, difficulties, or unanticipated costs in developing our supply network capabilities necessary to successfully procure products and services could adversely affect revenue and profitability.

Sustainable future revenue growth is dependent upon gaining access to more healthcare data from our supply network and a failure to obtain this data may adversely affect our growth.

Key to our growth strategy is the accessibility and availability of deep medical record data from our healthcare provider supply sites. This data is used to automate the process of matching researchers to subjects, samples, and data, and also used to automate the procurement workflow. Currently, we have gained access to laboratory data to support the distribution of clinical lab specimens as well as biorepository data to support the distribution of banked specimens. However, we have not gained access to deeper medical record data sets from a broad set of healthcare providers to support custom specimen collections, clinical trial recruitment, or data licensing. Should we fail in our ability to access deeper healthcare data, we may not be able to effectively compete in our served markets or grow as anticipated and our business may suffer.

The adoption cycle of our supply network tends to be very lengthy, which may adversely affect our ability to scale rapidly and increase revenues.

The business development cycle for the adoption of our technology solution at healthcare provider supply partners can take up to 18 months or more from initial contact with the prospect through execution of a contract. We may spend significant resources to attempt to secure a new supply partner without successfully engaging the supply partner. Even if we are successful in securing a new supply partner, once a contract is executed, implementation of our technology in the supply partner's environment can take another several months to a year or more. Because of the lengthy adoption cycle, we may fail to expand our supply network quickly enough to reach our revenue growth targets.

Potential adverse effects from changes in the healthcare industry, including consolidations and regulatory changes, could affect access to subjects, samples, and data and affect our growth.

Changing healthcare-related legislation and regulation may impact the fiscal stability and sustainability of our supply partners. Additionally, many healthcare providers are consolidating to create larger healthcare systems and/or integrated healthcare delivery systems. These changes can divert resources at our healthcare provider supply sites away from the evaluation or implementation of the iSpecimen solution to the adoption of new infrastructure, policies, and procedures to support the changes, thereby extending their timeline to adopt the iSpecimen solution. We cannot predict whether or when future healthcare reform initiatives at the international, federal, or state level, consolidations, or other initiatives affecting healthcare providers' businesses will be proposed, enacted, or implemented or what impact those initiatives may have on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our supply chain may not provide adequate resources to quickly respond to requests for specimens and delays in the procurement process can affect our reputation, revenue, and profitability.

Many of the healthcare providers in our supply network are not-for-profit organizations whose primary business is to provide clinical care to patients. Supporting biospecimen research may be an adjunct activity for them. These organizations may lack adequate resources to quickly respond to our requests for specimens now and into the future. Should we and our customers experience slow turnaround times on specimen requests, our reputation may be damaged and there may be an adverse impact on our revenue and profitability.

We do not control the end-to-end quality of specimens and data collected in our supply chain and quality issues can affect our reputation, revenue, and profitability.

We rely upon our supply sites and their quality control processes to provide us with products and services that meet order specifications. In certain situations, products are shipped directly from the supply sites to our customers. When we receive products from our supply sites, we perform a visual inspection of the products, but we do not perform an in-depth quality control check to ensure that products meet all specifications.

Instead, we rely upon our customers to perform quality checks themselves and offer refunds or replacements for products that do not meet specification. We receive products from supply sites and ship them to our customers. In 2023, the percent of specimens that met specifications was 99% for clinical remnant specimens, 97% for banked research specimens and 99% for custom research collections. In 2022, the percent of specimens that met specifications was 99% for clinical remnant specimens, 99% for banked research specimens and 99% for custom research collections. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, the percent of specimens that met specifications was 99% for clinical remnant specimens, 87% for banked research specimens and 99% for custom research collections. Percentage of banked research specimens that met specifications decreased year over year from 2022 and then again during the six months ended June 30, 2024. Following feedback from our customers, we implemented a robust return and exchange program to better meet customer needs. iSpecimen also has terminating contracts with suppliers with lower quality specimens. Any issues with quality from our supply sites can adversely affect our reputation, revenue, and profitability.

Reliance on relatively few supply partners for significant supplies and services could affect our ability to operate and grow.

We have derived, and believe that we may continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenues from products we procure from a limited number of supply sites. For the year ended December 31, 2023, there was one supplier who accounted for 13% of our total cost of revenue and three other suppliers who, together, accounted for an additional 23% of our total cost of revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2022, there were two suppliers who each accounted for 12% of our total cost of revenue and two other suppliers who, together, accounted for an additional 16% of our total cost of revenue. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, there was one supplier who accounted for 12% of our total cost of revenue and three other suppliers who, together, accounted for an additional 20% of our total cost of revenue. Any change in the ability of a major supply site to provide us with products and services (such as financial health of the supply site, key leadership, research focus, information technology, competitive demand for specimens from third-parties, pricing structures, contract status and changes in the general economy) may adversely affect our financial performance.

Our supply partners' inventories may become obsolete, which could have a material adverse effect upon our ability to generate revenue.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 52% of our revenue was derived from specimens that were procured from our supply partners' existing sample inventories in their biobanks. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, approximately 42% of our revenue was derived from specimens that were procured from our supply partners' existing sample inventories in their biobanks. These inventories may become obsolete due to changes in regulatory requirements such as a requirement for new consent form disclosures; changes in researcher requirements for the types of specimens, subjects, and data they need for their studies; and/or general degradation in the quality of stored specimens. Any change in regulations, researcher needs, or specimen quality could render our supply partners' inventories obsolete and may adversely affect our financial performance.

Specimen collection from human subjects, including the possible occurrence of adverse events during or after tissue collection, could provide exposure to claims and litigation.

There are inherent risks associated with collecting specimens from human subjects. Although specimen collections are completed by certified staff according to established industry standards, specimen donors vary in their ability to tolerate specimen collection protocols and such donors may potentially have an adverse health reaction either during or following a specimen collection. Research subjects or their legally authorized representative may file claims related to a specimen collection and these claims could result in litigation that could be expensive, and time consuming to defend or result in judgements that exceed the resources of the Company and its insurance coverage.

We procure specimens and data from organizations outside of the U.S. and as such, we rely upon these organizations to collect and distribute specimens and data in accordance with their local regulations as well as our contractual requirements. A failure by our sites to comply with both applicable regulations and our contractual requirements could introduce us to compliance risk.

Some of the organizations from which we procure specimens and data reside outside of the U.S. in jurisdictions that may have data protection rules, human research protection rules, and other pertinent rules that relate to the collection and distribution of specimens and data that vary from U.S. regulations. We, as an organization are not knowledgeable about all the pertinent rules and regulations of all of the jurisdictions in which these sites operate, and therefore we rely upon our contractual relationships with supply sites to ensure that they have legal responsibility for compliance with their own jurisdiction-specific regulations.

Should any site fail to comply with the applicable regulations, we may suffer reputational risks if we have distributed specimens and data from that site. Additionally, any compliance failure on the part of our supply sites that impacts our research customers' ability to utilize specimens and data they previously obtained from us, as well as utilize any research results, they derived from these specimens and data, may subject us to claims by these customers. These claims could result in litigation that could be expensive to defend or result in judgements that exceed our resources and our insurance coverage. Any such litigations and judgement could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may experience delays or interruption in the shipments of our specimens due to factors outside of our control, and such disruption could lead to lost revenue and customer satisfaction issues.

We distribute biological specimens to customers around the world. These specimens need to be delivered over a range of temperatures from ambient to cryogenic and delivery timeframes that can be as quick as hours. We rely on third-party shipping materials (such as thermal containers) as well as shipping services (such as FedEx) to transport specimens to our customers. Shipping materials may be defective and third-party shipping services, including international shipping services, could become disrupted by adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, military conflicts, flight cancellations, ground logistics issues, customs delays, and other service interruptions. Any defect in our shipping materials or delays in shipping service times could cause damage to these specimens and render them unusable by our customers. If we are unable to deliver our specimens in a timely matter and without damage, our revenue could be negatively impacted and our reputation with our customers could suffer, resulting in material harm to our business.

The Company's business was negatively impacted during the first half of 2022 by the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine. At the start of the war, the Company had approximately $1 million of purchase orders that were slated to be fulfilled by the Company's supply network in Ukraine and Russia. This supply network shut down quickly at the start of the war. Ukrainian suppliers were disabled due to war conditions and evacuations and some of the Company's Russian suppliers were disabled by sanctions. While the Company mobilized to shift these purchase orders to other suppliers in the network, the process of getting specimen collections from other supply sites took time, which caused a delay in the fulfillment of such purchase orders.

As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the Company's supply sites in Russia that had not been under sanctions were now accessible and the Company's supply sites in Ukraine had mostly reopened. However, due to the uncertainty caused by the ongoing war, Ukraine suppliers may again become inaccessible to the Company. Therefore, as long as the uncertainty continues, the Company does not use them as sole specimen sources at a purchase order level. Alternate suppliers do not have the same favorable unit economics or

specimen collection rates. The short and long-term implications of the war are difficult to predict at this time. The imposition of more sanctions and counter sanctions may have an adverse effect on the economic markets generally and could impact the Company's business and the businesses of the Company's supply partners, especially those in Ukraine and Russia. Because of the highly uncertain and dynamic nature of these events, it is not currently possible to estimate the impact of the war on the Company's business and the companies from which the Company obtains supplies and distributes specimens.

Our future success depends on our ability to retain our key personnel and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

Our future success will depend upon our ability to retain our key management and other personnel and will also depend in large part on our ability to attract and retain additional qualified software developers, bioinformaticists, operations personnel, sales and marketing personnel, and business development personnel. Competition for these types of employees is intense due to the limited number of qualified professionals and the high demand for them, particularly in the Boston, Massachusetts area where our headquarters are located. We have in the past experienced difficulty in recruiting qualified personnel, especially in the area of sales. Failure to attract, assimilate, and retain personnel would have a material adverse effect on our business and potential growth.

Our senior management team has limited experience managing a public company.

Our senior management team has limited experience managing a public company, and regulatory compliance may divert its attention from the day-to-day management of our business. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage our continued transition to a public company that will be subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws. In particular, these obligations will require substantial attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could materially and adversely impact our business operations.

Our competitors may have greater resources than us and may outspend us to grow more quickly.

Our competitors are highly fragmented and comprise of thousands of biobanks, healthcare providers, and commercial biospecimen organizations. We expect to continue to experience significant and increasing levels of competition in the future, especially from several larger biospecimen providers who have consolidated via mergers and acquisitions and who are well-capitalized by private equity. These organizations are currently acquiring smaller biospecimen businesses and have larger customer bases, their own collection centers, biospecimen inventories, larger marketing and sales budgets, and an international presence. They may also be developing their own technology solution that could be better or less costly to develop than our own iSpecimen Marketplace, thereby eliminating one of our key competitive advantages. They may continue to outspend us to grow more quickly and we may not be able to successfully compete with a competitor that has greater resources; hence such competition may adversely affect our business.

We may lose business to competitors which have or develop their own biorepositories and/or collection centers that can meet customers' needs.

Many of our competitors have their own biorepository of specimens that they have collected or procured over time. These inventories, when they meet a customer's needs for product, almost always provide our competitors with a time-to-delivery advantage because they can directly fulfill requests from their own inventories, whereas we must procure products through our supply network after an order has been received from our customers. Additionally, some competitors have their own collection facilities and direct access to eligible research subjects, which also provides a time-to-delivery advantage. We have lost and will continue to lose business to competitors when they can provide samples more quickly than we can from our supply network.

We may face pricing pressure from competitors who may lower prices to reduce biorepository inventories or because they have more favorable specimen acquisition costs.

Many competitors invest in biorepositories of specimens and data. These competitors may be incented to drop prices in order to more quickly recoup their inventory carrying costs, especially when they have held

inventory for longer periods of time. This may cause downward pricing pressure on us. Additionally, some competitors may have cost advantages on some types of collections either because of more favorable supply relationships or because they have their own collection centers, and they can likewise exert pricing pressure in the market. Lower prices will adversely impact our revenue and gross margins.

Our overall business results may suffer from an economic downturn.

We rely upon researchers from biopharma companies as the primary source of our revenue. During an economic downturn, the biopharma industry typically experiences a drop in the annual growth rate of research and development spending and allocates fewer resources towards it. An economic downturn could adversely affect the demand for our products and services and have a corresponding impact on our revenue and profitability. A prolonged economic downturn may cause us to reduce investment in the longer-term growth of our Company in order to reduce short term costs.

Our operations and performance depend on economic conditions in the United States and other countries where we do business. Deterioration in general economic conditions, whether due to COVID-19 or otherwise, could negatively affect our and our customers' purchasing power.

Our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely impacted from high inflation rates.

We have experienced negative effects from inflation in certain areas of our business due to the recent high rates of inflation in the U.S. and around the world. Inflation is causing the cost of employee salaries to rise and our salaries account for a significant portion of our overall operating costs. Additionally, costs of supplies and other sales, marketing and general and administrative costs have increased due to inflation.

Inflation has not had a significant adverse impact on the cost of specimens due to our long-term contracts maintained with vendors, which include revenue sharing plans. However, if inflation continues, it may have an adverse impact on the costs of our samples in the future.

Our timely fulfillment of customer orders may be adversely impacted due to constraints in the supply chain.

Our operations are heavily reliant on specimen availability and delays or shortages in obtaining specimens caused by constraints in the supply chain, may adversely impact the timing and extent of our ability to fulfill our customer orders which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

We may have difficulty managing growth in our business, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Significant growth in the size and scope of our operations could place a strain on our financial, technical, operational, and management resources. The failure to continue to upgrade our technical, administrative, operating and financial control systems, or the occurrences of unexpected expansion difficulties, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to timely execute our business plans.

We have incurred losses from sales tax obligations owed to various jurisdictions by us because we did not collect taxes on taxable sales in prior years, and we may never be able to recover the prior sales taxes from the customers.

States and other jurisdictions have varying policies regarding when a company has a taxable presence in their locale. We are required to collect taxes on taxable sales in prior years but we failed to do so and thus have incurred losses from sales tax obligations owed to various jurisdictions. We are in discussions with those tax jurisdictions to rectify and have made tax payments to some of those jurisdictions. We have also reached out to our customers who owe sales taxes and recovered partial tax payments from certain customers. However, we may never be able to recover the prior sales taxes from all the customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

Our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards may be limited, resulting in income taxes sooner than currently anticipated.

As of June 30, 2024, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs") of approximately $55.2 million for federal income tax purposes of which approximately $13 million expires at various periods through 2037

and approximately $42.2 million can be carried forward indefinitely. These NOLs may be used to offset future taxable income, to the extent we generate any taxable income, and thereby reduce or eliminate our future federal income taxes otherwise payable. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, imposes limitations on a corporation's ability to utilize NOLs if it experiences an ownership change as defined in Section 382. In general terms, an ownership change may result from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders in the stock of a corporation by more than 50% over a three-year period. In the event that an ownership change has occurred, or were to occur, utilization of our NOLs would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 determined by multiplying the value of our stock at the time of the ownership change by the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate as defined in the Code. Any unused annual limitation may be carried over to later years. We may be found to have experienced an ownership change under Section 382 as a result of events in the past or the issuance of shares of common stock in the future. If so, the use of our NOLs, or a portion thereof, against our future taxable income may be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382, which may result in expiration of a portion of our NOLs before utilization.

We may acquire other businesses, products, or technologies that could disrupt our business, reduce our financial resources, or cause dilution to our stockholders.

As part of our business strategy, we may, in the future, pursue acquisitions of businesses and assets or pursue strategic alliances and joint ventures that leverage our core technology and industry experience to expand our offerings, increase our customer base, or increase our supply base. We have limited experience with acquiring other companies or assets, with forming strategic alliances and joint ventures. We may not be able to find suitable partners or acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete such transactions on favorable terms, if at all. If we make any acquisitions, we may not be able to integrate these acquisitions successfully into our existing business, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities. Any future acquisitions also could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Integration of an acquired company also may disrupt ongoing operations and require management resources that would otherwise focus on developing our existing business. We may experience losses related to acquisitions of other companies, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. We may not identify or complete these transactions in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, or at all, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, technology license, strategic alliance, or joint venture.

To finance any acquisitions or joint ventures, we may choose to issue shares of our common stock as consideration, which would dilute the ownership of our stockholders. If the price of our common stock is low or volatile, we may not be able to acquire other companies or fund a joint venture project using our stock as consideration. Alternatively, it may be necessary for us to raise additional funds for acquisitions through public or private financings. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all.

We may incur significant debt, and our governing documents contain no limit on the amount of debt we may incur.

Subject to market conditions and availability, we may incur significant debt through our Purchase Agreement or other repurchase or credit facilities (including term loans and revolving facilities), public and private debt issuances or otherwise. The amount of leverage we use will vary depending on our available capital, our ability to obtain and access financing arrangements with lenders and the lenders' and our estimate of the stability of our cash flow. Our governing documents contain no limit on the amount of debt we may incur, and we may significantly increase the amount of leverage we utilize at any time without approval of our shareholders. The amount of leverage on individual assets may vary, with leverage on some assets substantially higher than others. Leverage can enhance our potential returns but can also exacerbate our losses.

Incurring substantial debt could subject us to many risks that, if realized, would materially and adversely affect us, including the risk that:

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our cash flow from operations may be insufficient to make required payments of principal of and interest on the debt or we may fail to comply with covenants contained in our debt instruments, including our Purchase Agreement, which would likely result in (1) acceleration of such debt (and any other debt arrangements containing a cross default or cross acceleration provision) that we may be unable to repay from internal funds or to refinance on favorable terms, or at all, and/or (2) our inability

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to borrow under other financing arrangements, even if we are current in payments on borrowings under those arrangements;

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our debt may increase our vulnerability to adverse economic, market and industry conditions with no assurance that our investment yields will increase to match our higher financing costs;

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we may be required to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our debt, thereby reducing funds available for operations, future business opportunities, distributions to our shareholders or other purposes; and

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we may not be able to refinance maturing debts.

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We cannot be sure that our leverage strategies will be successful.

A failure to comply with restrictive covenants in our Purchase Agreement or our other financing arrangements would have a material adverse effect on us, and any future financings may require us to provide additional collateral or pay down debt.

We are subject to various restrictive covenants contained in our Purchase Agreement and we may be subject to additional covenants in connection with future financing arrangements. Financing arrangements that we may enter into in the future may contain similar or more restrictive covenants. These covenants may limit our flexibility to pursue certain investments or incur additional debt. If we fail to meet or satisfy any of these covenants, we may be in default under the agreements governing the applicable arrangements, and our lenders could elect to accelerate our obligation to repurchase certain assets, declare outstanding amounts due and payable, terminate their commitments, require the posting of additional collateral or enforce their rights against existing collateral. We may also be subject to cross default and acceleration rights and, with respect to collateralized debt, the posting of additional collateral or foreclosure upon default.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

We use third-party technology licenses as part of our technology solution.

The iSpecimen Marketplace uses third parties for certain technology to support development, delivery, and operations of the platform including product management, software development, cloud hosting, data processing, content mapping, and security services and may need to license additional technology in the future for use in the ongoing operations as part of our technology solution. Most of the software (including source code) and other materials we use are distributed under a "free," "open source," or similar licensing model. We also use software and services from commercial providers. However, we believe all of them are generally commercially available to us from other parties. We continue to evaluate partners whose capabilities can help us deliver our iSpecimen Marketplace solution in areas such as functionality, efficiency, and security and expect to continue to leverage and consider additional third-party capabilities in our ongoing Marketplace development. However, there is no assurance that these third-party technology licenses will continue to be available to us on acceptable commercial terms or at all, which could significantly harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We use open source licenses as part of our technology solution, which may subject us to claims from third parties claiming ownership and unauthorized use.

We use open source software in our software solutions and technology-enabled services. We may encounter claims from third parties claiming ownership and unauthorized use of the software purported to be licensed under the open source terms, demanding release of derivative works of open source software that could include our proprietary source code, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source licenses. These claims could result in litigation that could be expensive to defend. If we become liable to third parties for such claims, we could be required to make our software source code available under the applicable open source license, utilize or develop alternative technology, or cease using, selling, offering for sale, licensing, implementing or supporting the applicable solutions or technology-enabled services. In addition, use of certain open source software may pose greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as most open source licensors and distributors do not provide commercial warranties or indemnities or controls on the origin of the software.

We may become subject to third parties' claims alleging infringement of their patents and proprietary rights, which could be costly, time consuming, and prevent the use of our technology solution.

We cannot assure you that third parties will not claim our current or future products or services infringe their intellectual property rights. Any such claims, with or without merit, could cause costly litigation that could consume significant management time. As the number of product and services offerings in our market increases and functionalities increasingly overlap, companies such as ours may become increasingly subject to infringement claims. These claims also might require us to enter into royalty or license agreements. If required, we may not be able to obtain such royalty or license agreements or obtain them on terms acceptable to us.

We do not have any patents protecting our intellectual property and if we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary and internally developed technology, our business could be adversely affected.

Our success depends upon our proprietary technology. We do not have registered patents on any of our technology because we do not believe that we could obtain blocking patents and that the costs of patent monitoring and prosecution outweigh the benefits. Instead, we rely upon software copyright laws, service marks, trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures, and contractual provisions to establish and protect our proprietary rights as well as the skills, knowledge and experience of our technical and operational personnel, our consultants and advisors, and contractors. Because we operate in a highly competitive industry, we rely in part on trade secrets to protect our proprietary technology and processes. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect.

We enter into confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements with our corporate partners, employees, consultants, collaborators, and other advisors. These agreements generally require that the receiving party keep confidential and not disclose to third-parties confidential information developed by the receiving party or made known to the receiving party by us during the course of the receiving party's relationship with us. These agreements also generally provide that inventions conceived by the receiving party in the course of rendering services to us will be our exclusive property, and we enter into assignment agreements to protect our rights. These confidentiality, inventions and assignment agreements may be breached and may not effectively assign intellectual property rights to us. Our trade secrets also could be independently discovered by competitors, in which case we may not be able to prevent the use of such trade secrets by our competitors. The enforcement of a claim alleging that a party illegally obtained and was using our trade secrets could be difficult, expensive and time consuming and the outcome would be unpredictable. In addition, effective protection of intellectual property rights is unavailable or limited in certain foreign countries. The failure to obtain or maintain meaningful trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive position.

Risks Related to Regulatory Environment

Failure to comply with federal and state data protection regulations could result in fines, penalties, and litigation, and have a material adverse effect upon our business.

Because we may gain access to protected healthcare or personal data, we must comply with various data protection regulations worldwide, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by HITECH, and their implementing regulations at 45 CFR Parts 160-164 (collectively, "HIPAA"). As part of the operation of our business, we act in the capacity of a HIPAA business associate with respect to protected health information ("PHI"), we receive from our healthcare provider partners. As a HIPAA business associate, we are required to protect the privacy and confidentiality of PHI, and we are required to comply with HIPAA security regulations requiring certain administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronic PHI ("ePHI"). To comply with our regulatory and contractual obligations, which may change over time, we may have to reorganize processes and invest in new technologies. We are also required to train personnel regarding data protection requirements. If we, or any of our employees or agents, are unable to maintain the privacy, confidentiality, and security of the PHI that is entrusted to us, we could be subject to civil and criminal fines and sanctions imposed by the HHS or state regulatory authorities, and we could be found to have breached our HIPAA business associate agreements with our healthcare provider suppliers. In addition to the HIPAA requirements that we are subject to, we may be subject to similar state laws and regulations, which regulate the collection, handling, processing,

and storage of sensitive personal information. While we have never had a data breach, we cannot guarantee that it will not happen in the future nor can we guarantee that we will always be in compliance with these regulations. Failure to comply with federal, state and local laws and regulations could subject the Company to denial of the right to conduct business, fines, criminal penalties, and/or other enforcement actions which would have a material adverse effect on its business. In addition, compliance with future legislation could impose additional requirements on the Company, which may be costly.

Failure to comply with international laws related to data protection, such as the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") could result in fines, penalties, and litigation, and have a material adverse effect upon the Company's business.

We may be required to comply with international laws, such as the GDPR. The GDPR took effect in May 2018 and regulates the collection, storage, use, disclosure, transfer, and/or other processing of personal data of identified or identifiable individuals located in the European Economic Area ("EEA"), including the EU. This data specifically includes personal health data that generally is provided as part of biospecimen collection studies. The GDPR imposes numerous requirements on companies that process personal data, including requirements relating to processing health and other sensitive data, obtaining consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates for processing (with some exceptions), allowing individuals to revoke consents granted, enabling individuals the right to have their data erased (with some exceptions), amended, or transferred to another data controller (known as "data portability"), providing information to individuals regarding data processing activities, implementing safeguards to protect the security and confidentiality of personal data, limiting the transfer of data to countries outside of the EU, providing notification of data breaches, and taking certain measures when engaging third-parties who may also use or process the data. In addition, EU member states may make their own further laws and regulations limiting the processing of personal data, including biometric, genetic or health data.

The GDPR covers areas where we may not have expertise and the GDPR and the regulatory guidance enforcing GDPR may be actively evolving. We, or our other third-party customers, suppliers and/or distribution partners, may not be able to maintain regulatory compliance with the GDPR or may incur significant costs in obtaining or maintaining regulatory compliance. Any action brought against us for violations of this law, even if successfully defended, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, reputational risks, and divert our management's attention from the operation of our business. In addition, compliance with future legislation could impose additional requirements on the Company, which may be costly.

Failure to comply with federal and state laws around environmental, health and safety, biohazards and dangerous goods, and imports/exports could result in fines, penalties, and litigation, and have a material adverse effect upon our business.

Because we receive, store, and ship specimens, we are subject to regulation under federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment and human health and safety, including laws and regulations relating to the handling, transportation, and disposal of specimens and infectious and hazardous waste materials, as well as regulations relating to the safety and health of laboratory employees. Our laboratory is subject to applicable federal and state laws and regulations relating to biohazard disposal of all laboratory specimens, and we utilize outside vendors for disposal of such specimens. In addition, the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration has established extensive requirements relating to workplace safety for healthcare employers whose workers may be exposed to blood-borne pathogens such as HIV, COVID-19, and the hepatitis B virus. These requirements, among other things, require work practice controls, protective clothing and equipment, training, medical follow-up, vaccinations, and other measures designed to minimize exposure to, and transmission of, blood-borne pathogens. There are also federal laws related to import and export of biospecimens and related data.

Failure to comply with federal, state and local laws and regulations could subject us to denial of the right to conduct business, fines, criminal penalties, and/or other enforcement actions which would have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, compliance with future legislation could impose additional requirements on us which may be costly.

Failure to comply with other international laws around environmental, health and safety, biohazards and dangerous goods, imports/exports, and other regulations could result in fines, penalties, and litigation, and have a material adverse effect upon our business.

Because we procure specimens from and distribute specimens to countries outside of the United States, we are subject to international and foreign rules similar to any of the aforementioned U.S. rules, including those related to environmental, health and safety, biohazards, and imports/exports. We may be unaware of those international and foreign rules.

These laws cover areas where we may not have expertise and, in many areas, these laws are actively evolving. We, or our other third-party customers, suppliers and/or distribution partners, may not be able to maintain regulatory compliance in such countries or may incur significant costs in obtaining or maintaining our foreign regulatory compliance. Any action brought against us for violations of these laws or regulations, even if successfully defended, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, reputational risks, and divert our management's attention from the operation of our business. In addition, compliance with future legislation could impose additional requirements on us which may be costly.

Failure to comply with laws and regulations related to the protection of research subjects could result in fines, penalties, and litigation, and have a material adverse effect upon our business.

We are subject to regulation under international, federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of research subjects. Federally-funded human-subject research in the United States, including the collection of identifiable human biospecimens, is governed by 45 CFR Part 46, also known as the Health and Human Services Policy for Protection of Human Research Subjects or the "Common Rule." Use of biospecimens in certain other research is subject to FDA regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects and Institutional Review Boards at 21 CFR Parts 50 and 56. Research funded by the National Institutes of Health ("NIH") may be subject to grant or contract requirements, as well as NIH Certificates of Confidentiality. When collecting specimens for research in the United States, iSpecimen and its collection sites are responsible for ensuring that specimens are collected in accordance with these regulations. In addition, other countries have their own regulations around the ethical collection of human specimens for research. While we believe that we are in compliance with these laws, we may not be aware of all such laws or may fail to properly audit and identify gaps in compliance. Similarly, we may find errors in our technology and processes and may fail to properly match the compliance requirements of our researchers to the compliance requirements of our suppliers. Failure of our Company or our suppliers to comply with international, federal, state, and local laws and regulations could subject us to denial of the right to conduct business, fines, criminal penalties, and/or other enforcement actions which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our failure to comply with other laws and regulations related to our business operations also have a material adverse effect upon our business.

In addition to the above-described laws and regulations, there are many other federal, state and international laws and regulations applicable to iSpecimen. The following list contains some of the other laws and regulations that could directly or indirectly affect our ability to operate the business:

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Occupational Safety and Health regulations and requirements;

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Centers for Disease Control Import Permit Program rules related to biological agents;

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Shipping rules such as IATA Dangerous Goods regulations;

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State and local laws and regulations for the disposal and handling of medical waste and biohazardous material;

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Export laws such as the U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security Export Administration Regulations, U.S. State Department's Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, and the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control in export licensing;

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Import laws such as the Customs and Border Protection Trade Act of 2002 and the Customs Modernization Act;

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The federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, any person from knowingly and willfully offering, soliciting, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs;

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Federal, state, and local tax and tariff rules;

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Other laws and regulations administered by the FDA;

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Other laws and regulations administered by HHS; and

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State and local laws and regulations governing human subject research and clinical trials.

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These laws cover several areas of our business and are actively evolving. We, or our other third-party customers, suppliers and/or distribution partners, may not be able to maintain regulatory compliance or may incur significant costs in obtaining or maintaining regulatory compliance. Any action brought against us for violations of these laws or regulations, even if successfully defended, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, reputational risks, and divert our management's attention from the operation of our business. In addition, compliance with future legislation could impose additional requirements on us which may be costly.

Failure to comply with governmental export and import regulations could result in fines, penalties, and litigation, and have a material adverse effect upon the Company's business.

Our products and services are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Controls. Exports of our products and services must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export or import privileges; fines, which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers; and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers.

In addition, changes in our products and services or changes in applicable export or import laws and regulations may create delays in the introduction and sale of our products and services to international markets, prevent our customers from procuring our products and services or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products and services to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any change in export or import laws and regulations, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing laws and regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such laws and regulations could also result in decreased use of our products and services, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products and services to existing or potential customers. Any decreased use of our products and services or limitation on our ability to export or sell our products and services could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Product safety and product liability, including bio-hazard risks, could provide exposure to claims and litigation.

Specimens may have hazardous properties and may carry transmissible infectious agents. There are inherent risks in connection with the handling, storage, disposal, distribution, and/or use of the specimens.

Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of such materials comply with the standards prescribed by federal, state and local regulation and regulations of foreign jurisdictions, the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be completely eliminated. Individuals who use or come in contact with the specimens may file claims related to their use and these claims could result in litigation that could be expensive to defend or result in judgements that exceed our resources and our insurance coverage. Any such litigations and judgement could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to This Offering and our Securities

This is a reasonable best efforts offering, with no minimum amount of securities required to be sold, and we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby.

The placement agent has agreed to use its reasonable best efforts to solicit offers to purchase the Shares and Pre-Funded Warrants in this offering. The placement agent has no obligation to buy any of the Shares from us

or to arrange for the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of the Shares. There is no required minimum number of Shares that must be sold as a condition to completion of this offering. As there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to the closing of this offering, the actual offering amount, placement agent fees and proceeds to us are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the maximum amounts set forth above. We may sell fewer than all of the Shares offered hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received by us, and investors in this offering will not receive a refund in the event that we do not sell all of the Shares offered in this offering. The success of this offering will impact our ability to use the proceeds to execute our business plans. We may have insufficient capital to implement our business plans and satisfy current obligations, potentially resulting in greater operating losses or dilution unless we are able to raise the required capital from alternative sources. There is no assurance that alternative capital, if needed, would be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds we receive from this offering and may not use them effectively.

Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds we receive in this offering, including for any of the purposes described in the section entitled "Use of Proceeds," and you will not have the opportunity as part of your investment decision to assess whether our management is using the net proceeds appropriately. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of our net proceeds from this offering, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business and cause the price of our common stock to decline. Pending their use, we may invest our net proceeds from this offering in short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing securities. These investments may not yield a favorable return to our stockholders.

There can be no assurance that an active and liquid trading market for our common stock will continue or that we will be able to continue to comply with Nasdaq's continued listing standards.

Our common stock began trading on Nasdaq in June 2021, as a result of our consummation of an initial public offering of our shares of common stock. Our common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq under the symbol "ISPC". There can be no assurance an active and liquid trading market in our common stock will continue.

There is no guarantee that we will be able to maintain such listing for any period of time by perpetually satisfying the Nasdaq's continued listing requirements. Our failure to continue to meet these requirements may result in our common stock being delisted from Nasdaq.

If we are not able to comply with the applicable continued listing requirements or standards of Nasdaq, our common stock could be delisted from Nasdaq.

Our common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq. In order to maintain that listing, we must satisfy minimum financial and other continued listing requirements and standards, including those regarding director independence and independent committee requirements, minimum stockholders' equity, minimum share price, and certain corporate governance requirements. There can be no assurances that we will be able to comply with the applicable listing standards of Nasdaq.

In the event that our common stock is delisted from Nasdaq and is not eligible for quotation on another market or exchange, trading of our common stock could be conducted in the over-the-counter market established for unlisted securities, such as the OTC Markets. In such event, it could become more difficult to dispose of, or obtain accurate price quotations for, our common stock, and there would likely also be a reduction in our coverage by securities analysts and the news media, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline further. Also, it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital if we are not listed on a major exchange.

In the event that our common stock is delisted from Nasdaq, U.S. broker-dealers may be discouraged from effecting transactions in shares of our common stock because it may be considered a penny stock and thus be subject to the penny stock rules.

The SEC has adopted a number of rules to regulate a "penny stock" that restricts transactions involving stock which is deemed to be a penny stock. Such rules include Rules 3a51-1, 15g-1, 15g-2, 15g-3, 15g-4, 15g-5, 15g-6,

15g-7, and 15g-9 under the Exchange Act. These rules may have the effect of reducing the liquidity of penny stocks. "Penny stocks" generally are equity securities with a price of less than $5.00 per share (other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or traded on Nasdaq if current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system). Our shares of common stock may, in the future constitute, a "penny stock" within the meaning of the rules. The additional sales practice and disclosure requirements imposed upon U.S. broker-dealers may discourage such broker-dealers from effecting transactions in shares of our common stock, which could severely limit the market liquidity of such shares of common stock and impede their sale in the secondary market.

A U.S. broker-dealer selling a penny stock to anyone other than an established customer or "accredited investor" ​(generally, an individual with a net worth in excess of $1,000,000 or an annual income exceeding $200,000, or $300,000 together with his or her spouse) must make a special suitability determination for the purchaser and must receive the purchaser's written consent to the transaction prior to sale, unless the broker-dealer or the transaction is otherwise exempt. In addition, the "penny stock" regulations require the U.S. broker-dealer to deliver, prior to any transaction involving a "penny stock", a disclosure schedule prepared in accordance with SEC standards relating to the "penny stock" market, unless the broker-dealer or the transaction is otherwise exempt. A U.S. broker-dealer is also required to disclose commissions payable to the U.S. broker-dealer and the registered representative and current quotations for the securities. Finally, a U.S. broker-dealer is required to submit monthly statements disclosing recent price information with respect to any "penny stock" held in a customer's account and information with respect to the limited market in "penny stocks".

You should be aware that, according to the SEC, the market for "penny stocks" has suffered in recent years from patterns of fraud and abuse. Such patterns include (i) control of the market for the security by one or a few broker-dealers that are often related to the promoter or issuer; (ii) manipulation of prices through prearranged matching of purchases and sales and false and misleading press releases; (iii) "boiler room" practices involving high-pressure sales tactics and unrealistic price projections by inexperienced sales persons; (iv) excessive and undisclosed bid-ask differentials and markups by selling broker-dealers; and (v) the wholesale dumping of the same securities by promoters and broker-dealers after prices have been manipulated to a desired level, resulting in investor losses. Our management is aware of the abuses that have occurred historically in the penny stock market. Although we do not expect to be in a position to dictate the behavior of the market or of broker-dealers who participate in the market, management will strive within the confines of practical limitations to prevent the described patterns from being established with respect to our securities.

Our share price may be volatile, and purchasers of our common stock could incur substantial losses.

Our share price has been volatile in the past and may continue to be so in the future. Since our IPO, our common stock has traded at prices ranging from $3.41 to $579.60, adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split based on a ratio of 1-for-20 as if it had occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented. The stock market in general has experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may not be able to sell their common stock at or above the price paid for such shares. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including, but not limited to:

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changes in our industry;

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ability to enhance our platform or to add new functionality;

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regulatory changes;

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competitive pricing or other pressures;

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failures of our suppliers to deliver product on time;

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loss of supply partners;

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additions or departures of key personnel;

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sales of our common stock;

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our ability to execute our business plan;

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operating results that fall below expectations;

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loss of any strategic relationship including customers, suppliers and channel partners; and/or

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economic and other external factors.

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In addition, the securities markets have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Our directors, officers and principal stockholders have significant voting power and may take actions that may not be in the best interests of our other stockholders.

As of October 29, 2024, our officers, directors and principal stockholders each holding more than 5% of our common stock collectively controlled approximately 13.17% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, these stockholders, if they act together, will be able to control the management and affairs of our Company and most matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control, impeding a merger, consolidation or other business combination transaction involving us and discouraging a potential acquiror from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of the Company and might adversely affect the market price of our common stock. This concentration of ownership may not be in the best interests of our other stockholders.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation, as amended, and our bylaws, as amended, may make it more difficult for a third party to affect a change-of-control.

Our certificate of incorporation, as amended, authorizes the board of directors (the "Board") to issue up to 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The preferred stock may be issued in one or more series, the terms of which may be determined at the time of issuance by the Board without further action by the stockholders.

These terms may include preferences as to dividends and liquidation, conversion rights, redemption rights and sinking fund provisions. The issuance of any preferred stock could diminish the rights of holders of our common stock, and therefore could reduce the value of such common stock. In addition, specific rights granted to future holders of preferred stock could be used to restrict our ability to merge with, or sell assets to, a third party. The ability of the Board to issue preferred stock could make it more difficult, delay, discourage, prevent or make it more costly to acquire or effect a change-in-control, which in turn could prevent our stockholders from recognizing a gain in the event that a favorable offer is extended and could materially and negatively affect the market price of our common stock. In addition, our certificate of incorporation, as amended, provides for a staggered Board. As a consequence, only a minority of the Board will be considered for election at every annual meeting of stockholders, which may make the removal of management more difficult and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our securities. Additional provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals include (i) board vacancies may be filled by a majority of the remaining board members, (ii) the board may adopt, repeal, rescind, alter or amend our bylaws without stockholder approval, (iii) stockholders holding more than 15% of the outstanding shares may call a special meeting, (iv) a director may be removed from office only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the issued and outstanding stock entitled to vote; and (v) no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which would allow holders of less than a majority of the stock to elect some directors.

Our bylaws, as amended, designate certain courts as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our bylaws, as amended, provide that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) will be the exclusive forum for: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company; (ii) any action asserting a claim for breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, employee, or agent of ours to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim

arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, the certificate of incorporation, or the bylaws; and (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine (the "Delaware Forum Provision"). Our bylaws further provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act (the "Federal Forum Provision"). In addition, our bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision.

Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the Delaware Forum Provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. We note, however, that there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce this provision and that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

We recognize that the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision in our bylaws may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware. Additionally, the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision may limit our stockholders' ability to bring a claim in a forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court were "facially valid" under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce the Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the United States District Court may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

Limitations on director and officer liability and indemnification of our officers and directors by us may discourage stockholders from bringing suit against an officer or director.

Our certificate of incorporation, as amended, and bylaws, as amended, provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, as it presently exists or may be amended from time to time, a director shall not be personally liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duty as a director. Under Delaware law, this limitation of liability does not extend to, among other things, acts or omissions which involve intentional misconduct, fraud or knowing violation of law, or unlawful payments of dividends. These provisions may discourage stockholders from bringing suit against a director or officer for breach of fiduciary duty and may reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation brought by stockholders on our behalf against a director or officer.

We are responsible for the indemnification of our officers and directors.

Should our officers and/or directors require us to contribute to their defense, we may be required to spend significant amounts of our capital. Our certificate of incorporation, as amended, and bylaws, as amended, also provide for the indemnification of our directors, officers, employees, and agents, under certain circumstances, against attorney's fees and other expenses incurred by them in any litigation to which they become a party arising from their association with or activities on behalf of our Company. This indemnification policy could result in substantial expenditures, which we may be unable to recoup. If these expenditures are significant or involve issues which result in significant liability for our key personnel, we may be unable to continue operating as a going concern.

We do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Any return on investment may be limited to the value of our common stock.

We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends on our common stock will depend on earnings, financial condition and

other business and economic factors affecting us at such time as our Board may consider relevant. If we do not pay dividends, our common stock may be less valuable because a return on an investment will only occur if our stock price appreciates.

We may need additional capital, and the sale of additional shares of common stock or other equity securities could result in additional dilution to our stockholders.

We may need to raise additional funds sooner than expected, after this offering, to fund our current operating plans. We may finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements, or other sources. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may be required to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or future revenue streams or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate technology development or future commercialization efforts.

Our quarterly revenue tends to fluctuate, making it harder to forecast and meet investor expectations.

Quarterly revenue has been difficult to predict, has historically fluctuated, and may vary from quarter to quarter due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Factors that may affect our quarterly revenue and operating results may include: any material changes in demand for our products and services; changes in our supply sites' ability to collect and ship specimens or our ability to retain them; changes in the number, availability, and quality of competing products; our ability to maintain a timely delivery of high quality products and services; the timing and amount of sales and marketing expenses incurred by us to attract new customers; changes in the economic or business prospects of our customers or the economy generally; changes in the pricing policies of our competitors; unforeseen defects in our technology; changes in the regulatory environment; and unforeseen costs necessary to improve and maintain our technology.

These factors affecting our future earnings are difficult to forecast and could harm our quarterly and/or annual operating results. The change in our earnings or general economic conditions may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate.

General Risk Factors

Our status as an "emerging growth company" under the JOBS Act may make it more difficult to raise capital when we need to do it or make our common stock less attractive to investors.

Because of the exemptions from various reporting requirements provided to us as an "emerging growth company," and because we will have an extended transition period for complying with new or revised financial accounting standards, we may be less attractive to investors and it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital as and when we need it. Investors may be unable to compare our business with other companies in our industry if they believe that our financial accounting is not as transparent as other companies in our industry. If we are unable to raise additional capital as and when we need it, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We have limited insurance which may not cover claims by third parties against us or our officers and directors.

We have limited directors' and officers' liability insurance and commercial liability insurance policies. Claims by third parties against us may exceed policy amounts and we may not have amounts to cover these claims.

Also, due to high self-insured retention costs and deductibles, we may incur significant costs from any claim made against us before insurance policies provide coverage. Any significant claims would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, our limited directors' and officers' liability insurance may affect our ability to attract and retain directors and officers.

The requirements of being a U.S. public company may strain our resources and divert management's attention.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the "Dodd-Frank Act") and Nasdaq rules. The requirements of these rules and regulations result in significant legal and financial compliance costs, including costs associated with the employment of personnel, making some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly, and may also place undue strain on our personnel, systems and resources and divert management's attention.

The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place, as well as maintaining these controls and procedures, is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently.

Additionally, various rules and regulations applicable to public companies make it more difficult and more expensive for us to maintain directors' and officers' liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or higher deductibles or incur substantially higher costs to maintain coverage.

Evaluation of internal control and remediation of potential problems will be costly and time consuming and could expose weaknesses in financial reporting.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act ("Section 404") requires that we evaluate our internal control over financial reporting to enable management to report on the effectiveness of those controls annually. In connection with the Section 404 requirements, we could, as part of that documentation, identify material weaknesses, significant deficiencies, or other areas for further attention or improvement.

Implementing any appropriate changes to our internal controls may require specific compliance training for our directors, officers, and employees, require the hiring of additional finance, accounting and other personnel, entail substantial costs to modify our existing accounting systems, and take a significant period of time to complete. Such changes may not, however, be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal controls, and any failure to maintain that adequacy, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and could materially impair our ability to operate our business. Moreover, adequate internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent fraud. As a result, our failure to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 on a timely basis could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could cause the market value of our common stock to decline.

Public company compliance may make it more difficult to attract and retain officers and directors.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and new rules subsequently implemented by the SEC have required changes in corporate governance practices of public companies. As a public company, we are expected to follow Sarbanes-Oxley Act regulations and other public company rules, and these rules and regulations will increase our compliance costs and make certain activities more time consuming and costly. As a result, these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult and costly for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our Board or as executive officers.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results projected in any forward-looking statement. In addition to the factors specifically noted in the forward-looking statements, other important factors, risks and uncertainties that could result in those differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed under "Risk Factors" in this prospectus. The forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this prospectus, and we assume no obligation to update the forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those projected in the forward-looking statements. You should consult all of the information set forth in this prospectus and the other information set forth from time to time in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") pursuant to the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including our reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K.

You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as "may," "will," "expect," "anticipate," "aim," "estimate," "intend," "plan," "believe," "is/are likely to," "potential," "continue" or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to:

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our ability to enter into contracts with healthcare providers to gain access to specimens, subjects, and data on favorable terms;

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our ability to obtain new customers and keep existing customers;

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development of our technology to adequately keep pace to support expansion of our existing line of business or our entry into new lines of businesses;

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market adoption rate of our marketplace technology;

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our ability to continue to expand outside of the United States in compliance with local laws and regulations;

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acceptance of the products and services that we market;

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the viability of our current intellectual property;

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government regulations and our ability to comply with government regulations;

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our ability to retain key employees;

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adverse changes in general market conditions for biospecimens;

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our ability to generate cash flow and profitability and continue as a going concern;

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our future financing plans; and

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our ability to adapt to changes in market conditions which could impair our operations and financial performance.

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These forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may later be found to be incorrect. Our actual results of operations or the results of other matters that we anticipate could be materially different from our expectations. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors, which are, in some cases, beyond our control and which could materially affect results. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under the section titled "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this prospectus.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $4,633,526 (assuming the sale of all Shares offered hereby at a public offering price of $3.00 per share, and assuming the exercise of all Pre-Funded Warrants), after deducting expenses relating to this offering payable by us estimated at approximately $364,939, including placement agent fees and expenses, for certain financial advisor services provided in connection with this offering.

We believe that the net proceeds of this offering, together with our existing cash, will enable us to fund our operations for at least six months following the completion of this offering. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we expect. If we raise $5,000,000 in this offering, it is our intent to use approximately $2,000,000 of the net proceeds for marketing and advertising services provided by IR Agency LLC, which will include creating company profiles, media distribution, and building a digital community to communicate information about the Company to the financial community. Additionally, approximately $1,030,000 will be used to repay outstanding indebtedness.

Although we currently anticipate that we will use the net proceeds from this offering as described above, there may be circumstances where a reallocation of funds is necessary. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures will depend upon numerous factors, including permits, and the accessibility of rigs and other equipment, our operating costs and the other factors described under "Risk Factors" in this prospectus. Accordingly, our management will have flexibility in applying the net proceeds from this offering. An investor will not have the opportunity to evaluate the economic, financial or other information on which we base our decisions on how to use the proceeds.

Pending these uses, we intend to invest the funds in short-term, investment grade, interest-bearing securities. It is possible that, pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for us.

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our cash and capitalization as of June 30, 2024, as follows:

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on an actual basis;

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on a pro forma basis to give effect to (i) the receipt, after June 30, 2024, of the Loan, resulting in net proceeds of $859,980 to the Company; and (ii) an adjustment to reduce existing sales tax liability by $343,000 upon determination that the Company's products are not taxable in certain states; and

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on a pro forma, as adjusted, basis to further reflect the issuance and sale of 132,814 Shares and 1,533,852 Pre-Funded Warrants in this offering at a public offering price of $3.00 per share, and $2.999 per Pre-Funded Warrant, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $4,633,526 after deducting placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

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You should read this information in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, which are incorporated by reference in this prospectus. All share and per share information below reflects the Reverse Stock Split effected on September 13, 2024, in a ratio of 1-for-20.

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(1)

Assumes no sale of Pre-Funded Warrants

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(2)

Amount includes net cash proceeds from the Loan in the amount of $859,980.

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Reflects net proceeds of $4,633,526 from the offering after payment of placement agency fees and estimated offering expenses of $364,939.

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The number of shares of our common stock issued and outstanding on a pro forma basis and a pro forma, as adjusted, basis set forth in the table above is based on 829,527 shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2024, and excludes:

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2,775 shares of our common stock issuable upon vesting of restricted stock units outstanding under our stock incentive plans;

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17,606 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of stock options outstanding under our stock incentive plans, 9,858 of which are currently exercisable, which have a weighted average exercise price of $48.22 per share; and

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5,125 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of our outstanding warrants which have a weighted average exercise price of $195.12.

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MANAGEMENT

Executive Officers and Directors

The following table sets forth the name and age as of October 29, 2024, and position of the individuals who currently serve as directors and executive officers of the Company. The following also includes certain information regarding the individual experience, qualifications, attributes and skills of our directors and executive officers as well as brief statements of those aspects of our directors' backgrounds that led us to conclude that they are qualified to serve as directors.

Tracy Curley has been serving as our Chief Executive Officer, since January 2023, our Chief Financial Officer since August 2020, as Treasurer since July 2021 and director since May 2023. Ms. Curley also served as our Interim Chief Executive Officer from September 2022 to January 2023. Ms. Curley is a Class II director and will serve for a three-year term that expires at our 2027 annual meeting of stockholders, or until the election and qualification of her successor in office, subject to an event or death, resignation, or removal. She was a partner at CohnReznick LLP, a national accounting firm, from September 2017 to June 2020. During her time at CohnReznick, LLP, Ms. Curley led the creation and development of an emerging markets commercial audit practice for the firm in their Boston, MA office. Her practice focused on recruiting and providing audit services to private and public emerging growth companies in the technology and life sciences industries. From November 2014 to August 2017, she also served as a partner at Marcum LLP, a national accounting firm. Ms. Curley led the northeast regional high-tech practice for the firm. She focused on expanding the client base to provide a full range of accounting, tax and advisory services for private and public emerging growth companies in high tech industries such as technology, life sciences and advanced manufacturing. From March 2010 to October 2014, Ms. Curley served as a partner at Moody, Famiglietti & Andronico, LLP ("MFA"), a proactive consulting firm in the greater Boston, MA area with national and global reach. During her time at MFA, Ms. Curley led the creation and development of a public company audit practice focused on recruiting and providing audit services to public emerging growth companies. Ms. Curley serves as the Co-Chair and a board member of Project Green Schools. Ms. Curley serves as Past President and a board member of the North Shore Technology Council. Ms. Curley serves on the audit committee of the Girl Scouts of Eastern Massachusetts. Ms. Curley received her Master of Accountancy and Bachelor of Science in Business Administration with a concentration in accounting from Kansas State University. She also attended the United States Military Academy. She is a certified public accountant licensed in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Ms. Curley is well-qualified to serve on the Board due to her extensive experience in operations and finance.

John L. Brooks III has been serving as our director since June 2021. Mr. Brooks serves as a Class II Director and his current term will expire at our 2026 annual meeting of stockholders. He currently serves as a director of Noxilizer since March 2009, Theromics since February 2021, AltrixBio since December 2021, Basys.ai since 2022, Alertgy since 2023, Sharp Tx since 2023, and Senscio since 2024. Mr. Brooks was the President of the NTT division of L-Nutra Inc., a company focused on nutrition and fasting mimicking technologies from March 2021 to May 2022. In January 2011, Mr. Brooks founded Ammonett Pharma and continues to serve on its board of directors since then. He is also a co-founder of Rocky Mountain Biphasic and serves as a director since April 2022. He has also served as the managing director of Healthcare Capital LLC since February 2007. Previously, Mr. Brooks served as the Chief Executive Officer, President and a director of NeuroBo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from March 2018 to December 2019 and as the chairman of Cellnovo, Ltd. from 2012 to December 2019. Mr. Brooks is also involved with several non-profit organizations. He currently serves as the Chief Executive Officer and President of Worldwide Network for Innovation in Clinical Education and Research (WNICER) since January 2019 and serves as a director of T1D Exchange since March 2020, the ADA New England Chapter since January 2015, The Diabetes Link since January 2010, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst Foundation since January 2012. Mr. Brooks received his BBA and MSBA in

Accounting from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Mr. Brooks is well-qualified to serve on the Board due to his expertise in healthcare and life sciences.

Katharyn (Katie) Field has been serving as our director since September 2024. Ms. Field has a background which includes positions spanning both the private and public sectors and brings a wealth of experience and expertise in strategy consulting and executive leadership. Ms. Field is currently the chief executive officer and Chairman of Halo Collective Inc., a cannabis company, where she has served since May 2019, an Executive Director at Akanda Corporation, a medical cannabis company, where she has served since June 2022, and a director and Vice President of Virpax Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: VRPX), a preclinical-stage pharmaceutical company, where she has served as director since July 2024. Previously, she served as a director of Elegance Brands from March 2021 until March 2022. She has held prominent positions at renowned organizations such as The White House in the office of the public liaison, The Brookings Institution as a manager of operations, and Bain & Company as a consultant. In 2014, Ms. Field entered the cannabis industry and played a pivotal role in the procurement, build-out, and sale of one of the original vertically integrated licensed medical marijuana treatment centers in Florida. Subsequently, she operated a strategy consulting practice focused on cannabis and served as Executive Vice President of Corporate Development at MariMed from 2018 to 2019. Ms. Field holds an MBA in Economics from Columbia Business School and a BA in Public Policy with honors from Stanford University. Ms. Field is well-qualified to serve on the Board due to her experience and expertise in strategy consulting and executive leadership.

Avtar Dhaliwal has been serving as our director since September 2024. Mr. Dhaliwal has served as a director and a member of the compensation committee of the board of Halo Collective Inc. since March 2022, which is a cannabis extraction company that develops and manufactures quality cannabis oils and concentrates, and he has been a member of its audit committee of the board in August 2024. Since August 2024, Mr. Dhaliwal has been a director of Advent Technologies Holdings Inc., a US corporation that develops, manufactures, and assembles complete fuel cell systems as well as supplying customers with critical components for fuel cells in the renewable energy sector. Since December 2021, Mr. Dhaliwal has been the Chief Executive Officer of Modern Plant Based Foods, a Canadian food company that offers a portfolio of plant-based products. Previously, Mr. Dhaliwal worked in operations and logistics with Modern Plant Based Foods Inc. beginning in October 2019, and has also been the Chief Executive Officer of Pontus Protein Ltd., an agricultural food and technology company focused on creating and acquiring the best technology, since March 2022. From January 2024 until May 2024, Mr. Dhaliwal was the Chief Executive Officer and a director of Trilogy AI, a company committed to transforming the beauty industry through its artificial intelligence technology. Mr. Dhaliwal holds a Bachelor of Science in Biology from the University of British Columbia Okanagan. Mr. Dhaliwal is well-qualified to serve on the Board due to his management experience across multiple industries.

Richard J. Paolone has been serving as our director since September 2024. Mr. Paolone is a Toronto-based securities lawyer where his work focuses on securities, corporate finance, and mergers and acquisitions. He has a wide range of corporate experience from representing companies in private and public offerings of debt and equity securities. In June 2020, Mr. Paolone founded Paolone Law Professional Corporation, where he has been the principal since such date. From February 2019 to October 2019, and again from September 2020 to January 2021, Mr. Paolone was a director of Evolution Global Frontier Ventures Corp. (formerly Ascension Exploration Inc.), a company that is listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange. Mr. Paolone also serves as Director and CEO of several private and reporting companies. Since February 2019, Mr. Paolone has also been the CEO and director of Rotonda Ventures Corp., a public company in Canada. Since February 2021, Mr. Paolone has also been the CEO, CFO, and director of Republic Goldfields Inc., a public company in Canada. Also, since February 2021, Mr. Paolone has been the CEO, CFO, and director of Emerald Isle Resources Inc., a public company in Canada. Since April 2022, Mr. Paolone has also served as a director of Critical Infrastructure Technologies Ltd., a mining technology company listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange. Since December 2022, Mr. Paolone has also served as a director of SBD Capital Inc., a company listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange. Since June 2023, Mr. Paolone has also served as a director of Xander Resources Inc., a mining company listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange. Since November 2023, he has also served as a director of Ashington Innovations Plc., a special purpose acquisition company listed on London Stock Exchange. Since September 2024, Mr. Paolone has served on the board of Safe Supply Streaming Co Ltd., an investment issuer listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange. Since May 2019, he has served as a director of Red Pine Petroleum Ltd., a company listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, and also

served as its CEO from October 2020 until September 2021. Mr. Paolone has been integral to multiple mergers and acquisitions and reverse takeover transactions in the industries of mining, cannabis, carbon credits, oil and gas, technology, and plant-based food. Mr. Paolone holds a B.A. in criminal justice from Mount Royal University and a J.D. from Bond University. He is a licensed barrister and solicitor lawyer in Ontario. Mr. Paolone is well-qualified to serve on the Board due to his corporate experiences in mergers and acquisition and private and public offerings of debt and equity securities.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships among any of our executive officers or directors.

Composition of our Board of Directors

Our Board currently consists of five directors. Our certificate of incorporation, as amended, and bylaws, as amended, provide that our Board can consist of any number of directors as voted on and approved by the Board. Our Board is divided into three classes, designated as Class I, Class II and Class III directors, with only one class of directors being elected in each year and each class serving a three-year term. The term of office of the Class I director, consisting of Mr. Paolone, will expire at our 2025 annual meeting of stockholders. The term of office of the Class II directors, consisting of Mr. Brooks and Mr. Dhaliwal, will expire at our 2026 annual meeting of stockholders. The term of office of the Class III directors, consisting of Ms. Curley and Ms. Fields, will expire at our 2027 annual meeting of stockholders. When considering whether directors have the experience, qualifications, attributes or skills, taken as a whole, to enable our Board to satisfy its oversight responsibilities effectively in light of our business and structure, the Board focuses primarily on each person's background and experience as reflected in the information discussed in each of the directors' individual biographies set forth above. We believe that our directors provide an appropriate mix of experience and skills relevant to the size and nature of our business.

Director Independence

As our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, our determination of the independence of directors is made using the definition of "independent director" contained in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2). Our Board has affirmatively determined that each of Mr. Brooks, Mr. Dhaliwal and Ms. Field are "independent directors," as that term is defined in the Nasdaq rules. Under the Nasdaq rules, our Board must be composed of a majority of "independent directors." Additionally, subject to certain limited exceptions, our Board's audit, compensation, and nominating and corporate governance committees also must be composed of all independent directors.

Audit committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Under the rules of Nasdaq, a director will only qualify as an "independent director" if, in the opinion of that company's board of directors, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director.

To be considered to be independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act, a member of an audit committee of a listed company may not, other than in his capacity as a member of our audit committee, our Board, or any other committee of our Board: (1) accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries; or (2) be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries.

Role of the Board in Risk Oversight

One of the key functions of our board of directors is informed oversight of our risk management process. Our board of directors does not have a standing risk management committee, but rather administers this oversight function directly through our board of directors as a whole, as well as through various standing committees of our board of directors that address risks inherent in their respective areas of oversight. In particular, our board of directors is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure and our Audit Committee has the responsibility to consider and discuss our major financial risk exposures and the steps our management has taken to monitor and control these exposures, including guidelines and policies to govern the process by which risk assessment and management is undertaken. Our Audit Committee also monitors compliance with

legal and regulatory requirements. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee monitors the effectiveness of our corporate governance practices, including whether they are successful in preventing illegal or improper liability-creating conduct. Our Compensation Committee assesses and monitors whether any of our compensation policies and programs has the potential to encourage excessive risk-taking. While each committee is responsible for evaluating certain risks and overseeing the management of such risks, our entire board of directors is regularly informed through committee reports about such risks.

Committees of Our Board of Directors

Our Board directs the management of our business and affairs, as provided by Delaware law, and conducts its business through meetings of the Board and standing committees. We have a standing audit committee, compensation committee, and nominating and corporate governance committee. In addition, from time to time, special committees may be established under the direction of the Board when necessary to address specific issues.

Audit Committee

We have established an audit committee of the Board. Mr. Brooks, Me. Paolone and Ms. Field serve as members of our audit committee, and Mr. Brooks chairs the audit committee. Each member of the audit committee is financially literate, and our Board has determined that Mr. Brooks qualifies as an "audit committee financial expert" as defined in applicable SEC rules and has accounting or related financial management expertise.

We have adopted an audit committee charter that is available to stockholders on the Company's website at https://investors.ispecimen.com/governance-documents, which details the principal functions of the audit committee, including:

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reviewing and discussing with management and the independent auditor the annual audited financial statements, and recommending to the Board whether the audited financial statements should be included in our Form 10-K;

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discussing with management and the independent auditor significant financial reporting issues and judgments made in connection with the preparation of our financial statements;

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discussing with management major risk assessment and risk management policies;

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monitoring the independence of the independent auditor;

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verifying the rotation of the lead (or coordinating) audit partner having primary responsibility for the audit and the audit partner responsible for reviewing the audit as required by law;

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reviewing and approving all related-party transactions;

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inquiring and discussing with management our compliance with applicable laws and regulations;

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pre-approving all audit services and permitted non-audit services to be performed by our independent auditor, including the fees and terms of the services to be performed;

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appointing or replacing the independent auditor;

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determining the compensation and oversight of the work of the independent auditor (including resolution of disagreements between management and the independent auditor regarding financial reporting) for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or related work;

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establishing procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by us regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or reports which raise material issues regarding our financial statements or accounting policies; and

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approving reimbursement of expenses incurred by our management team in identifying potential target businesses.

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The Board reviews the Nasdaq listing standards definition of independence for audit committee members on an annual basis and has determined that all current members of our audit committee are independent (as independence is currently defined in Rule 5605(c)(2)(A)(i) and (ii) of the Nasdaq listing standards).

Compensation Committee

We have established a compensation committee of the Board. Mr. Paolone, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Dhaliwal serve as members of our compensation committee. Mr. Paolone chairs the compensation committee.

We have adopted a compensation committee charter that is available to stockholders on the Company's website at https://investors.ispecimen.com/governance-documents, which details the principal functions of the compensation committee, including:

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reviewing and approving on an annual basis the corporate goals and objectives relevant to our Chief Executive Officer's compensation, evaluating our Chief Executive Officer's performance in light of such goals and objectives and determining and approving the remuneration (if any) of our Chief Executive Officer based on such evaluation;

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reviewing and approving the compensation of all our other executive officers;

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reviewing our executive compensation policies and plans;

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implementing and administering our incentive compensation equity-based remuneration plans;

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assisting management in complying with our proxy statement and annual report disclosure requirements;

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approving all special perquisites, special cash payments and other special compensation and benefit arrangements for our executive officers and employees;

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if required, producing a report on executive compensation to be included in our annual proxy statement; and

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reviewing, evaluating and recommending changes, if appropriate, to the remuneration for directors.

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The charter also provides that the compensation committee may, in its sole discretion, retain or obtain the advice of a compensation consultant, independent legal counsel or other adviser and will be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of any such adviser. However, before engaging or receiving advice from a compensation consultant, external legal counsel or any other adviser, the compensation committee will consider the independence of each such adviser, including the factors required by Nasdaq and the SEC.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

We have established a nominating and corporate governance committee of the Board. Mr. Dhaliwal and Ms. Field serve as members of our nominating and corporate governance committee. Mr. Dhaliwal chairs the nominating and corporate governance committee.

We have adopted a nominating and corporate governance committee charter that is available to stockholders on the Company's website at https://investors.ispecimen.com/governance-documents, which details the principal functions of the nominating and corporate governance committee, and which provides that persons to be nominated to serve as directors:

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should have demonstrated notable or significant achievements in business, education or public service;

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should possess the requisite intelligence, education and experience to make a significant contribution to the Board and bring a range of skills, diverse perspectives and backgrounds to its deliberations; and

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should have the highest ethical standards, a strong sense of professionalism and intense dedication to serving the interests of the stockholders.

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The nominating and corporate governance committee considers several qualifications relating to management and leadership experience, background and integrity and professionalism in evaluating a person's candidacy for membership on the Board. The nominating committee may require certain skills or attributes, such as financial or accounting experience, to meet specific Board needs that arise from time to time and will also consider the overall experience and makeup of its members to obtain a broad and diverse mix of Board members. The nominating committee does not distinguish among nominees recommended by stockholders and other persons.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

None of the members of our compensation committee is or has been an officer or employee of our company. None of our executive officers currently serves, or in the past year has served, as a member of the Board's compensation committee (or other board committee performing equivalent functions) of any entity that has one or more of its executive officers serving on our Board or compensation committee. See the section titled "Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, which is incorporated by reference in this prospectus for information about related party transactions involving members of our compensation committee or their affiliates.

Code of Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. A copy of the code of business conduct and ethics has been posted on our website, www.ispecimen.com. In addition, we post on our website all disclosures that are required by law or the Nasdaq listing standards concerning any amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of the code. The information on or accessed through our website is deemed not to be incorporated in this Annual Report or to be part of this Annual Report.

Director or Officer Involvement in Certain Prior Legal Proceedings

None of our directors and executive officers were involved in any legal proceedings as described in Item 401(f) of Regulation S-K in the past ten years.

DESCRIPTION OF OUR SECURITIES

General

The following description is not complete and may not contain all the information you should consider before investing in our common stock. For a more detailed description of these securities, you should read the applicable provisions of Delaware law and our Fourth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as may be amended from time to time, referred to herein as our certificate of incorporation, and our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws, as may be amended from time to time.

Our authorized capital stock consists of 250,000,000 shares, par value $0.0001 per share, consisting of: 200,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of blank check preferred stock. Our authorized but unissued shares of common stock and preferred stock are available for issuance without further action by our stockholders unless such action is required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange or automated quotation system on which our securities may be listed or traded in the future.

Common Stock

Authorization; Outstanding Shares. We are authorized to issue 200,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of which 829,812 shares were outstanding as of October 29, 2024. In addition, there were 5,125 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants, 17,206 shares of common Stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options and 1,921 shares of common stock issuable upon vesting of restricted stock units. We may amend from time to time our certificate to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock. Any such amendment would require the approval of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote.

Voting Rights. Holders of our common stock are entitled to one (1) vote for each share on all matters submitted to a stockholder vote. The common stock does not have cumulative voting rights. Therefore, holders of a majority of the shares of common stock voting for the election of directors can elect all of the directors. Holders of our common stock representing a majority of the voting power of our capital stock issued, outstanding and entitled to vote, represented in person or by proxy, are necessary to constitute a quorum at any meeting of stockholders.

Dividends. Subject to limitations under Delaware law and the rights of holders of any class of stock having preference over our common stock, holders of our common stock are entitled to share in all dividends that our board of directors, in its discretion, declares from legally available funds.

Liquidation; Dissolution. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up, each outstanding share entitles its holder to participate pro rata in all assets that remain after payment of liabilities and after providing for each class of stock, if any, having preference over the common stock.

Other Rights and Restrictions. Our common stock has no pre-emptive rights, no conversion rights and there are no redemption provisions or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock.

Listing. Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "ISPC".

Transfer Agent and Registrar. The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions LLC. The transfer agent and registrar's address is 1717 Arch Street, Suite 1300, Philadelphia, PA 19103 and its telephone number is 1-800 353-0103.

Description of Securities Included in this Offering

Pre-Funded Warrants

We are offering to each purchaser whose purchase of shares of common stock in this offering would otherwise result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder, 9.99%) of our outstanding shares of common stock immediately following the consummation of this offering, the opportunity to purchase, if the purchaser so chooses, Pre-Funded Warrants, in lieu of shares

of common stock that would otherwise result in the purchaser's beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% (or, at the election of the holder, 9.99%) of our outstanding shares of common stock. For each Pre-Funded Warrant we sell (without regard to any limitation on exercise set forth therein), the number of shares of common stock we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis.

We are also registering the shares of common stock issuable from time to time upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants offered hereby.

The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the Pre-Funded Warrants offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by the provisions of the form of Pre-Funded Warrant which is filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions set forth in the form of Pre-Funded Warrant.

Exercisability. The Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable at any time after their original issuance until they are exercised in full. The Pre-Funded Warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice and, at any time a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of common stock underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants, under the Securities Act is effective and available for the issuance of such shares, by payment in full in immediately available funds for the number of shares of common stock purchased upon such exercise. If a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of common stock underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants under the Securities Act is not effective or available, the holder may, in its sole discretion, elect to exercise the Pre-Funded Warrant through a cashless exercise, in which case the holder would receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of common stock determined according to the formula set forth in the Pre-Funded Warrant. We may be required to pay certain amounts as liquidated damages as specified in the Pre-Funded Warrants in the event we do not deliver shares of common stock upon exercise of any of the Pre-Funded Warrants within the time periods specified in the Pre-Funded Warrants. No fractional shares of common stock will be issued in connection with the exercise of a Pre-Funded Warrant.

Exercise Limitation. A holder will not have the right to exercise any portion of the Pre-Funded Warrants if the holder (together with its affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or, upon election by a holder prior to the issuance of any warrants, 9.99%) of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Pre-Funded Warrants. However, any holder may increase or decrease such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 9.99%, upon at least 61 days' prior notice from the holder to us with respect to any increase in such percentage.

Exercise Price. The exercise price for the Pre-Funded Warrants is $0.0001 per share. The exercise price and number of shares of common stock issuable on exercise are subject to appropriate adjustments in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting our common stock.

Transferability. Subject to applicable laws, the Pre-Funded Warrants may be offered for sale, sold, transferred or assigned without our consent.

Exchange Listing. We do not intend to list the Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or other trading market. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited.

Fundamental Transactions. In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the Pre-Funded Warrants and generally including, with certain exceptions, any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our common stock, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding shares of common stock, or any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding shares of common stock, the holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the Pre-Funded Warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction.

Rights as a Shareholder. Except as otherwise provided in the Pre-Funded Warrants or by virtue of such holder's ownership of our shares of common stock, the holder of a Pre-Funded Warrant does not have the

rights or privileges of a holder of our common stock, including any voting rights, until the holder exercises the Pre-Funded Warrant. Holders of Pre-Funded Warrants have the right to participate in dividends and certain distributions as specified in the Pre-Funded Warrants.

Governing Law. The Pre-Funded Warrants and warrant agreement are governed by New York law.

Anti-Takeover Effects of Certain Provisions of Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws

Provisions of our bylaws could make it more difficult to acquire us by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest, open market purchases, removal of incumbent directors and otherwise. These provisions, which are summarized below, are expected to discourage types of coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids and to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with us. We believe that the benefits of increased protection of our potential ability to negotiate with the proponent of an unfriendly or unsolicited proposal to acquire or restructure us outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging takeover or acquisition proposals because negotiation of these proposals could result in an improvement of their terms.

Vacancies. Newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the number of directors and any vacancies on the Board resulting from death, resignation, disqualification, removal or other cause shall be filled by a majority of the remaining directors on the Board.

Bylaws. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws authorizes the Board to adopt, repeal, rescind, alter or amend our bylaws without stockholder approval.

Removal. Except as otherwise provided, a director may be removed from office only by the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than a majority of the voting power of the issued and outstanding stock entitled to vote.

Calling of Special Meetings of Stockholders. Our bylaws provide that special meetings of stockholders for any purpose or purposes may be called at any time only by the Board or by our Secretary following receipt of one or more written demands from stockholders of record who own, in the aggregate, at least 15% the voting power of our outstanding stock then entitled to vote on the matter or matters to be brought before the proposed special meeting.

Cumulative Voting. Our certificate of incorporation does not provide for cumulative voting in the election of directors, which would allow holders of less than a majority of the stock to elect some directors.

Staggered Board. Our bylaws provided that our Board is divided into three classes with only one class of directors being elected in each year and each class (except for those directors appointed prior to the Annual Meeting) serving a three-year term. As a result, only a minority of the Board will be considered for election at every annual meeting of stockholders, which may make the removal of management more difficult and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our securities.

Choice of Forum

Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) will be the exclusive forum for: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company; (ii) any action asserting a claim for breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, employee, or agent of ours to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, the certificate of incorporation, or the bylaws; and (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The bylaws further provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. In addition, the bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision.

Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the Delaware

Forum Provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. We note, however, that there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce this provision and that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

We recognize that the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision in the bylaws may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware. Additionally, the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision may limit our stockholders' ability to bring a claim in a forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court were "facially valid" under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce the Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the United States District Court may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

Indemnification of Directors and Officers

We are incorporated in the State of Delaware. The certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, as it presently exists or may be amended from time to time, a director shall not be personally liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duty as a director. And under Delaware law, this limitation of liability does not extend to, among other things, acts or omissions which involve intentional misconduct, fraud or knowing violation of law, or unlawful payments of dividends. So these provisions may discourage stockholders from bringing suit against a director or officer for breach of fiduciary duty and may reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation brought by stockholders on our behalf against a director or officer.

The certificate of incorporation and bylaws also provide for the indemnification of our directors, officers, employees, and agents, under certain circumstances, against attorney's fees and other expenses incurred by them in any litigation to which they become a party arising from their association with or activities on behalf of the Company. As such, should our officers and/or directors require us to contribute to their defense, we may be required to spend significant amounts of our capital. This indemnification policy could therefore result in substantial expenditures, which we may be unable to recoup. If these expenditures are significant or involve issues which result in significant liability for our key personnel, we may be unable to continue operating as a going concern.

Furthermore, we intend to enter into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers that require us to indemnify them against expenses, judgments, fines, settlements and other amounts that any such person becomes legally obligated to pay (including with respect to a derivative action) in connection with any proceeding, whether actual or threatened, to which such person may be made a party by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of us or any of our affiliates, provided such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, our best interests. We maintain a directors' and officers' liability insurance policy. The policy insures directors and officers against unindemnified losses arising from certain wrongful acts in their capacities as directors and officers and reimburses us for those losses for which we have lawfully indemnified the directors and officers. The policy contains various exclusions.

Listing

Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq under the symbol "ISPC".

Transfer Agent and Registrar

The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions LLC.           .

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We are offering 132,814 shares of common stock, based on a public offering price of $3.00 per share, and 1,533,852 Pre-Funded Warrants, for gross proceeds of up to approximately $5,000,000 before deduction of placement agent commissions and offering expenses, in a best-efforts offering.

Pursuant to a placement agency agreement (the "Placement Agency Agreement") entered into with WestPark Capital, Inc. to solicit offers to purchase the securities offered by this prospectus, WestPark is acting as our exclusive placement agent. The Placement Agent is not purchasing or selling any securities, nor is it required to arrange for the purchase and sale of any specific number or dollar amount of securities, other than to use its "reasonable best efforts" to arrange for the sale of the securities by us. Therefore, we may not sell the entire amount of securities being offered. There is no minimum amount of proceeds that is a condition to closing of this offering. We have entered into a securities purchase agreement directly with certain investors who purchased our securities in this offering. Investors who did not enter into a securities purchase agreement provided verbal orders and relied solely on this prospectus in connection with the purchase of our securities in this offering. The Placement Agent may engage one or more subagents or selected dealers in connection with this offering.

The Placement Agency Agreement provides that the Placement Agent's obligations are subject to conditions contained in the Placement Agency Agreement.

We will deliver the securities being issued to the investors upon receipt of investor funds for the purchase of the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus. We expect to deliver the securities being offered pursuant to this prospectus on or about October 31, 2024. The form of securities purchase agreement filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus form a part is incorporated herein by reference.

Placement Agent Fees, Commissions and Expenses

Upon the closing of this offering, we will pay the Placement Agent a cash transaction fee equal to 4% of the aggregate gross cash proceeds to us from the sale of the securities in the offering. Pursuant to the Placement Agency Agreement, we have agreed to pay WestPark a maximum of $15,000 for reasonable out-of-pocket accountable expenses, including "road show", diligence, escrow agent or clearing agent fees and reasonable fees and expenses of the Placement Agent's counsel, in an amount up to $100,000. The Placement Agency Agreement, however, provides that in the event this offering is terminated, the Placement Agent will only be entitled to the reimbursement of out-of-pocket accountable expenses actually incurred in accordance with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. ("FINRA") Rule 5110(g).

The following table shows the public offering price, Placement Agent fees and proceeds, before expenses, to us.

We estimate that the total expenses of the offering, including registration, filing and listing fees, printing fees and legal and accounting expenses, but excluding the Placement Agent commissions, will be approximately $200,000, all of which are payable by us. This figure does not include, among other things, the Placement Agent's fees and expenses (including the legal fees, costs and expenses for the Placement Agent's legal counsel) up to $315,000.

Tail Financing

Subject to certain exceptions, the Placement Agent shall be entitled to a cash fee equal to four percent (4%) of the gross proceeds received by the Company with respect to any public or private offering or other financing or capital-raising transaction of any kind for a period of twelve months from the closing of this offering, to the extent that such financing or capital is provided to the Company by an investor whom the Placement

Agent introduced to the Company and conducted discussions with respect to the Offering or with respect to the Loan that closed on September 25, 2024.

Lock-Up

The Company, on behalf of itself and any successor entity, has agreed that, without the prior written consent of the Placement Agent, it will not, for a period of ninety (90) days after the date of the Placement Agency Agreement, other than certain exempt issuances, (i) offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of capital stock of the Company or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of the Company; (ii) file or caused to be filed any registration statement with the Commission relating to the offering of any shares of capital stock of the Company or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of the Company; (iii) complete any offering of debt securities of the Company, other than entering into a line of credit with a traditional bank, or (iv) enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of capital stock of the Company, whether any such transaction described in clause (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) above is to be settled by delivery of shares of capital stock of the Company or such other securities, in cash or otherwise.

The directors and executive officers of the Company will not until the date that is ninety (90) days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain customary exceptions, directly or indirectly, (a) offer, sell, agree to offer or sell, solicit offers to purchase, grant any call option or purchase any put option with respect to, pledge, encumber, assign, borrow or otherwise dispose of (each a "Transfer") any shares of common stock, any unit, any warrant to purchase shares of common stock or any other security of the Company or any other entity that is convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, common stock or any other equity security of the Company (each a "Relevant Security"), or (b) establish or increase any "put equivalent position" or liquidate or decrease any "call equivalent position" with respect to any Relevant Security (in each case within the meaning of Section 16 of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder) with respect to any Relevant Security or otherwise enter into any swap, derivative or other transaction or arrangement that Transfers to another, in whole or in part, any economic consequence of ownership of a Relevant Security, whether or not such transaction is to be settled by the delivery of Relevant Securities, other securities, cash or other consideration, with respect to the undersigned's holdings, or otherwise publicly disclose the intention to do so.

The foregoing description of the compensation arrangements between the Company and the Placement Agent are set forth in the Placement Agency Agreement, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the form of Placement Agency Agreement, which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus form a part and which is incorporated herein by reference.

Indemnification

We have agreed to indemnify the Placement Agent against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments that the Placement Agent may be required to make for these liabilities.

Regulation M

The Placement Agent may be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act, and any commissions received by it and any profit realized on the resale of the securities sold by it while acting as principal might be deemed to be underwriting discounts or commissions under the Securities Act. As an underwriter, the Placement Agent would be required to comply with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including, without limitation, Rule 10b-5 and Regulation M under the Exchange Act. These rules and regulations may limit the timing of purchases and sales of our securities by the Placement Agent acting as principal. Under these rules and regulations, the Placement Agent (i) may not engage in any stabilization activity in connection with our securities and (ii) may not bid for or purchase any of our securities or attempt to induce any person to purchase any of our securities, other than as permitted under the Exchange Act, until it has completed its participation in the distribution.

Determination of Offering Price

The actual offering price of the Shares we are offering were negotiated between us, the Placement Agent and the investors in the offering based on the trading of our shares of common stock prior to the offering, among other things. Other factors considered in determining the public offering price of the Shares we are offering, include our history and prospects, the stage of development of our business, our business plans for the future and the extent to which they have been implemented, an assessment of our management, the general conditions of the securities markets at the time of the offering and such other factors as were deemed relevant.

Electronic Distribution

A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on a website maintained by the Placement Agent. In connection with the offering, the Placement Agent or selected dealers may distribute prospectuses electronically. No forms of electronic prospectus other than prospectuses that are printable as Adobe® PDF will be used in connection with this offering.

Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on the Placement Agent's website and any information contained in any other website maintained by the Placement Agent is not part of the prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, has not been approved and/or endorsed by us or the Placement Agent in its capacity as Placement Agent and should not be relied upon by investors.

Other Activities and Certain Relationships

The Placement Agent and its affiliates have and may in the future provide, from time to time, investment banking and financial advisory services to us in the ordinary course of business, for which they may receive customary fees and commissions. The Placement Agent served as the placement agent in connection with a $1,000,000 loan transaction the Company entered into in September 2024. The Placement Agent was paid a placement agent fee in the amount of $40,000 for its services.

MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES

The following is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations arising from and relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of the Shares, the ownership, exercise and disposition of Pre-Funded Warrants acquired pursuant to this prospectus and the shares of common stock received upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants. The Shares and Pre-Funded Warrants may be referred to in this summary as the "securities."

This discussion is limited to certain U.S. federal income tax considerations to beneficial owners of our securities who are initial purchasers of our Shares and Pre-Funded Warrants pursuant to this offering and hold our securities as capital assets within the meaning of Section 1221(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code") (generally, property held for investment). This discussion assumes that any distributions made (or deemed made) by us on the Shares and any consideration received (or deemed received) by a holder in consideration for the sale or other disposition of our securities will be in U.S. dollars. This discussion is a summary only and does not consider all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our securities by a prospective investor in light of its particular circumstances or that is subject to special rules under the U.S. federal income tax laws, including, but not limited to:

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banks and other financial institutions or financial services entities;

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broker-dealers;

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mutual funds;

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retirement plans, individual retirement accounts or other tax-deferred accounts;

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taxpayers that are subject to the mark-to-market tax accounting rules;

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tax-exempt entities;

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S-corporations, partnerships or other flow-through entities and investors therein;

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governments or agencies or instrumentalities thereof;

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insurance companies;

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regulated investment companies;

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real estate investment trusts;

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passive foreign investment companies;

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controlled foreign corporations;

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qualified foreign pension funds;

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expatriates or former long-term residents of the United States;

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persons that actually or constructively own five percent or more of our voting shares;

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persons that acquired our securities pursuant to an exercise of employee share options, in connection with employee share incentive plans or otherwise as compensation or in connection with services;

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persons required for U.S. federal income tax purposes to conform the timing of income accruals to their financial statements under Section 451 of the Code;

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persons subject to the alternative minimum tax;

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persons that hold our securities as part of a straddle, constructive sale, hedging, conversion or other integrated or similar transaction; or

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U.S. Holders (as defined below) whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar.

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The discussion below is based upon current provisions of the Code, applicable U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated under the Code ("Treasury Regulations"), judicial decisions and administrative rulings of the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"), all as in effect on the date hereof, and all of which are subject to differing

interpretations or change, possibly on a retroactive basis. Any such differing interpretations or change could alter the U.S. federal income tax consequences discussed below. Furthermore, this discussion does not address any aspect of U.S. federal non-income tax laws, such as gift, estate or Medicare contribution tax laws, or state, local or non-U.S. tax laws.

We have not sought, and will not seek, a ruling from the IRS as to any U.S. federal income tax consequence described herein. The IRS may disagree with the discussion herein, and its determination may be upheld by a court. Moreover, there can be no assurance that future legislation, regulations, administrative rulings or court decisions will not adversely affect the accuracy of the statements in this discussion.

As used herein, the term "U.S. Holder" means a beneficial owner of our securities that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes: (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that is created or organized (or treated as created or organized) in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source or (iv) a trust if (A) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or (B) it has in effect a valid election under Treasury Regulations to be treated as a United States person.

This discussion does not consider the tax treatment of partnerships or other pass-through entities (including branches) or persons who hold our securities through such entities. If a partnership (or other entity or arrangement classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is the beneficial owner of our securities, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner in the partnership generally will depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partner and the partnership. If you are a partner or a partnership holding our securities, we urge you to consult your own tax advisor.

THIS DISCUSSION IS ONLY A SUMMARY OF CERTAIN U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR SECURITIES. EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR IN OUR SECURITIES IS URGED TO CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR WITH RESPECT TO THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSEQUENCES TO SUCH INVESTOR OF THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR SECURITIES, INCLUDING THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF ANY STATE, LOCAL, AND NON-UNITED STATES TAX LAWS.

Treatment of Pre-Funded Warrants

Although it is not entirely free from doubt, applicable authority indicates that, and we intend to take the position that, the Pre-Funded Warrants should be treated as a separate class of our shares of common stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes and a U.S. Holder of Pre-Funded Warrants should generally be taxed in the same manner as a holder of shares of common stock except as described below. Accordingly, no gain or loss should be recognized upon the exercise of a Pre-Funded Warrant and, upon exercise, the holding period of the shares of common stock received upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrant should include the holding period of the Pre-Funded Warrant. The tax basis of the Pre-Funded Warrant should carry over to the shares of common stock received upon exercise, increased by the exercise price of $0.0001 per share. However, such characterization is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS may treat the Pre-Funded Warrants as warrants to acquire shares of common stock. If so, the amount and character of a U.S. Holder's gain with respect to an investment in Pre-Funded Warrants could change. Accordingly, each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the risks associated with the acquisition of a Pre-Funded Warrant pursuant to this prospectus (including potential alternative characterizations). The balance of this discussion generally assumes that the characterization described above is respected for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

U.S. Holders

Taxation of Distributions

If we pay distributions in cash or other property (other than certain distributions of our stock or rights to acquire our stock) to U.S. Holders of our shares of common stock, such distributions will constitute dividends

for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits will constitute a return of capital that will be applied against and reduce (but not below zero) the U.S. Holder's adjusted tax basis in our shares of common stock. Any remaining excess will be treated as gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the shares of our common stock and will be treated as described under "U.S. Holders - Gain or Loss on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Our Shares and Pre-Funded Warrants" below.

Dividends we pay to a corporate U.S. Holder generally will qualify for the dividends received deduction if certain holding period requirements are met. With certain exceptions (including, but not limited to, dividends treated as investment income for purposes of investment interest deduction limitations), and provided certain holding period requirements are met, dividends we pay to a non-corporate U.S. Holder will generally be taxed as qualified dividend income at the preferential tax rate for long-term capital gains.

Gain or Loss on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Our Shares and Pre-Funded Warrants

A U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss on a sale or other taxable disposition of the Shares or Pre-Funded Warrants. Any such capital gain or loss generally will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder's holding period for such Shares or Pre-Funded Warrants exceeds one year. Long-term capital gains recognized by a non-corporate U.S. holder are currently eligible to be taxed preferential rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

The amount of gain or loss recognized on a sale or other taxable disposition generally will be equal to the difference between (i) the sum of the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received in such disposition and (ii) the U.S. Holder's adjusted tax basis in our shares of common stock so disposed of. A U.S. Holder's adjusted tax basis in the Shares generally will equal the U.S. Holder's acquisition cost reduced by any prior distributions treated as a return of capital.

Non-U.S. Holders

This section applies to "Non-U.S. Holders." As used herein, the term "Non-U.S. Holder" means a beneficial owner of our shares of common stock that is not a U.S. Holder and is not a partnership or other entity classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, but such term generally does not include an individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of disposition. If you are such an individual, you should consult your tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership or sale or other disposition of our securities.

Taxation of Distributions

In general, any distributions we make to a Non-U.S. Holder of shares of our common stock, to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles), will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Provided such dividends are not effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder's conduct of a trade or business within the United States (or, if required pursuant to an applicable income tax treaty, are not attributable to a permanent establishment of fixed base maintained by the Non-U.S. Holder in the United States), we will be required to withhold tax from the gross amount of the dividend at a rate of 30%, unless such Non-U.S. Holder is eligible for a reduced rate of withholding tax under an applicable income tax treaty and provides proper certification of its eligibility for such reduced rate (usually on an IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E, as applicable). Any distribution not constituting a dividend will be treated first as reducing (but not below zero) the Non-U.S. Holder's adjusted tax basis in our shares of common stock and, to the extent such distribution exceeds the Non-U.S. Holder's adjusted tax basis, as gain realized from the sale or other disposition of our shares of common stock, which will be treated as described under "Non-U.S. Holders - Gain on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Our Shares and Pre-Funded Warrants" below. In addition, if we determine that we are or are likely to be classified as a "United States real property holding corporation" ​(see "Non-U.S. Holders - Gain on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Our Shares and Pre-Funded Warrants" below), we will withhold 15% of any distribution that exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits, including a distribution in redemption of our shares of common stock.

Dividends that we pay to a Non-U.S. Holder that are effectively connected with such Non-U.S. Holder's conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and, if a tax treaty applies, are attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by the Non-U.S. Holder in the United States) will not be subject to U.S. withholding tax, provided such Non-U.S. Holder complies with certain certification and disclosure requirements (usually by providing an IRS Form W-8ECI). Instead, the effectively connected dividends will be subject to regular U.S. federal income tax as if the Non-U.S. Holder were a U.S. resident, unless an applicable income tax treaty provides otherwise. A Non-U.S. Holder that is a foreign corporation receiving effectively connected dividends may also be subject to an additional "branch profits tax" imposed at a rate of 30% (or a lower treaty rate).

Gain on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Our Shares and Pre-Funded Warrants

Subject to the discussion of FATCA and backup withholding below, a Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax in respect of gain recognized on a sale, taxable exchange or other taxable disposition of our Shares or Pre-Funded Warrants, unless:

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the gain is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business by the Non-U.S. Holder within the United States (and, under certain income tax treaties, is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by the Non-U.S. Holder in the United States); or

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we are or have been a "United States real property holding corporation" for U.S. federal income tax purposes at any time during the shorter of the five-year period ending on the date of disposition or the period that the Non-U.S. Holder held our shares of common stock, and, in the case where shares of our common stock are regularly traded on an established securities market, the Non-U.S. Holder has owned, directly or constructively, more than 5% of our shares of common stock at any time within the shorter of the five-year period preceding the disposition or such Non-U.S. Holder's holding period for our shares of common stock. There can be no assurance that our shares of common stock will be treated as regularly traded on an established securities market for this purpose.

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Unless an applicable treaty provides otherwise, gain described in the first bullet point above will generally be subject to tax at the applicable U.S. federal income tax rates as if the Non-U.S. Holder were a U.S. resident. Any gains described in the first bullet point above of a Non-U.S. Holder that is a foreign corporation may also be subject to an additional "branch profits tax" at a 30% rate (or lower treaty rate).

If the second bullet point above applies to a Non-U.S. Holder, gain recognized by such holder on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our Shares or Pre-Funded Warrants will generally be subject to tax at applicable U.S. federal income tax rates as if the Non-U.S. Holder were a U.S. resident. In addition, a buyer of our Shares or Pre-Funded Warrants from such holder may be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 15% of the amount realized upon such disposition. We cannot determine whether we will be a United States real property holding corporation in the future. In general, we would be classified as a United States real property holding corporation if the fair market value of our "United States real property interests" equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market value of our worldwide real property interests plus our other assets used or held for use in a trade or business, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Dividend payments with respect to our shares of common stock and proceeds from the sale, exchange or redemption of shares of our common stock or Pre-Funded Warrants may be subject to information reporting to the IRS and possible United States backup withholding. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to payments made to a U.S. Holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes other required certifications, or who is otherwise exempt from backup withholding and establishes such exempt status. Payments made to a Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to backup withholding if the Non-U.S. Holder provides certification of its foreign status, under penalties of perjury, on a duly executed applicable IRS Form W-8 or by otherwise establishing an exemption.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be credited against a holder's U.S. federal income tax liability, and a holder generally may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by timely filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnishing any

required information. All holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of information reporting and backup withholding to them.

FATCA Withholding Taxes

Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code and the Treasury Regulations and administrative guidance promulgated thereunder (commonly referred to as the "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act" or "FATCA") generally impose withholding of 30% in certain circumstances on payments of dividends and, subject to the proposed Treasury Regulations discussed below, on proceeds from sales or other disposition of our securities paid to "foreign financial institutions" ​(which is broadly defined for this purpose and includes investment vehicles) and certain other non-U.S. entities unless various U.S. information reporting and due diligence requirements (relating to ownership by U.S. persons of interests in or accounts with those entities) have been satisfied or an exemption applies (typically certified as to by the delivery of a properly completed IRS Form W-8BEN-E). If FATCA withholding is imposed, a beneficial owner that is not a foreign financial institution will be entitled to a refund of any amounts withheld by filing a U.S. federal income tax return (which may entail significant administrative burden). Foreign financial institutions located in jurisdictions that have an intergovernmental agreement with the United States governing FATCA may be subject to different rules. Similarly, dividends and, subject to the proposed Treasury Regulations discussed below, proceeds from sales or other disposition in respect of our securities held by an investor that is a non-financial non-U.S. entity that does not qualify under certain exceptions generally will be subject to withholding at a rate of 30%, unless such entity either (i) certifies to us or the applicable withholding agent that such entity does not have any "substantial United States owners" or (ii) provides certain information regarding the entity's "substantial United States owners," which will in turn be provided to the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The U.S. Department of the Treasury has proposed regulations which eliminate the federal withholding tax of 30% applicable to the gross proceeds of a sale or other disposition of our securities. Withholding agents may rely on the proposed Treasury Regulations until final regulations are issued. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the possible effects of FATCA on their investment in our securities.

THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX DISCUSSION SET FORTH ABOVE IS INCLUDED FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY AND MAY NOT BE APPLICABLE DEPENDING UPON A HOLDER'S PARTICULAR SITUATION. HOLDERS ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS WITH RESPECT TO THE TAX CONSEQUENCES TO THEM OF THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR SECURITIES, INCLUDING THE TAX CONSEQUENCES UNDER STATE, LOCAL, ESTATE, NON-U.S. AND OTHER TAX LAWS AND TAX TREATIES AND THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN U.S. OR OTHER TAX LAWS.

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the securities offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP, New York, New York. The placement agent is being represented by Lucosky Brookman LLP, Woodbridge, New Jersey.

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference into this prospectus certain information we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus. Because we are incorporating by reference future filings with the SEC, this prospectus is continually updated and those future filings may modify or supersede some of the information included or incorporated in this prospectus. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and all documents subsequently filed with the SEC (excluding any portions of any Form 8-K that are not deemed "filed" pursuant to the General Instructions of Form 8-K) pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, after the date of this prospectus and prior to the date this offering is terminated or we issue all of the securities under this prospectus:

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our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 13, 2024;

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our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2024, filed with the SEC on May 7, 2024 and August 6, 2024, respectively;

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our Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 15, 2024, March 5, 2024, March 26, 2024, April 11, 2024, May 17, 2024, July 3, 2024, July 8, 2024, July 22, 2024, September 11, 2024 and September 25, 2024 and October 2, 2024;

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our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed with the SEC on June 10, 2024; and

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the description of our common stock contained in the registration statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on June 14, 2021, and any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description (including Exhibit 4.3 to the our Current Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 22, 2022).

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To obtain copies of these filings, see "Where You Can Find More Information" in this prospectus. Nothing in this prospectus shall be deemed to incorporate information furnished, but not filed, with the SEC, including pursuant to Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form 8-K and any corresponding information or exhibit furnished under Item 9.01 of Form 8-K.

Information in this prospectus supersedes related information in the documents listed above and information in subsequently filed documents supersedes related information in both this prospectus and the incorporated documents.

EXPERTS

The financial statements of the Company, as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 incorporate by reference in this prospectus have been audited by Wolf & Company, P.C., independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report thereon (which contains an explanatory paragraph relating to substantial doubt about the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern as described in Note 1 to the financial statements), appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, and are included in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We file annual, quarterly and other reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public over the Internet at the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K, including any amendments to those reports, and other information that we file with or furnish to the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act can also be accessed free of charge through the Internet. These filings will be available as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. You may also access these filings through our website at www.sintx.com.

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement under the Securities Act relating to the offering of these securities. The registration statement, including the attached exhibits, contains additional relevant information about us and the securities. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement. You can obtain a copy of the registration statement, at prescribed rates, from the SEC at the address listed above. The registration statement, along with our most recent annual report on Form 10-K, subsequent reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, as well as other filings that we make with the SEC, are also available on our Internet website, www.sintx.com. We have not incorporated by reference into this prospectus the information on our website, and you should not consider it to be a part of this prospectus.

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132,814 SHARES OF COMMON STOCK
PRE-FUNDED WARRANTS TO PURCHASE 1,533,852 SHARES OF
COMMON STOCK
1,533,852 SHARES OF COMMON STOCK ISSUABLE UPON THE
EXERCISE OF THE PRE-FUNDED WARRANTS

iSpecimen Inc.

PROSPECTUS

WestPark Capital

October 29, 2024

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