Microorganisms - Cronobacter

Cronobacter is a Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped, non-sporulating bacterium. Formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii, it is believed to have been first recorded in a 1961 report describing the isolation of uniquely yellow-pigmented microorganisms from neonates suffering from fatal meningitis.

Cronobacter can be found naturally in the environment, but the germs have the ability to survive for prolonged periods in low-moisture foods. In particular, Cronobacter has been isolated from powdered infant formula, rehydrated infant formula, and utensils used to prepare infant formula, making the bacterium especially risky for newborn infants.

It has also been found in powdered milk, herbal teas, and starches, as well as powdered protein and dietary supplements. It has been isolated from food processing facilities and has occasionally been found by health officials in places like sewer water.

Cronobacter can cause wound infections or urinary tract infections in people of all ages. In immunocompromised adults and elderly, it can lead to bloodstream infections.

While the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports few cases of Cronobacter infection each year¹, with infants, Cronobacter can cause dangerous bloodstream infections or infections of the linings surrounding the brain and spine (meningitis) and can cause death. Infection in infants two months of age and younger most likely leads to meningitis. The first symptom of Cronobacter infection in infants is usually fever coupled with lack of appetite, crying, or low energy.