07/17/2024 | News release | Distributed by Public on 07/17/2024 05:01
A virtual private network (VPN) can offer many benefits - but using a VPN is no defence if that use means you are breaching contract prohibitions or you are infringing intellectual property rights. In this article, Robyn Chatwood and Peter Divitcos explain the position in Australia.
A virtual private network (VPN) is a system that creates a secure internet connection between one computer and another (or between networks) in a way that restricts certain (usually public) access to users who do not have direct access to it.
An example is an office network which allows secure access from outside the office over the internet.
Some VPNs involve connections between sites belonging to the same organisation (intranets). Others instead join sites belonging to multiple organisations (extranets). It is the potential of this latter category that is the focus of this article.
VPN systems typically use protocols to tunnel traffic and involve various levels of security. VPN can make online connections anonymous. By connecting to a VPN server in another country, users can change their IP address. This can help if you want to connect to a website in that other country - as the website will recognise the connecting user as from the country in which the VPN is based rather than the country in which the user is based.
Some VPNs are specifically designed to prevent websites from monitoring or tracking the connecting user without their consent.
Some users want to use VPN technology because they are "geo-blocked" - that is, the website denies access to it or to its services to users outside specific locations. Often such geo-blocking is based on the user's IP address or country. A user who is geo-blocked is then prevented from accessing the content even if lawfully entitled to access it.
Streaming platforms go to great lengths to manage their channels and distribution and geo-blocking technology can prevent consumers from using technology to watch movies and TV shows not available in their home country, such as in Australia. Similarly, music, video game and live sport streaming platforms control access to copyright material - often due to their licensing arrangements and permissions.
Consumers look for VPN services1 that work reliably and bypass geographic restrictions.
The universal nature of the internet challenges territorial copyright licence arrangements that restrict the reproduction and communication of content to a designated geographic area. Copyright owners (and their licensees) providing digital content use geo-blocking to permit online users in a designated country to access the content and to block users who access the content from a device located outside those countries.
VPNs allow consumers to bypass geo-blocking by routing internet traffic through a server in a remote location within the permitted area.
The response from streaming platforms to the increasing use of VPNs has been to deploy VPN-detection technologies.
The most recent Consumer Survey on Online Copyright Infringement report commissioned by the Australia's federal Attorney-General's department showed that of the Australian community:
Use of VPN-detection technology may avoid the need to take legal action against a consumer, action that may result in a consumer backlash or involve navigating and enforcing intellectual property rights across borders and complex legal terrain.
Using a VPN or other device in Australia to access online content made available in other countries where the content might otherwise be geo-blocked for Australia means:
Australia's federal Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) (Copyright Act) prohibits:
The Australian Copyright Council (the independent, non-profit organisation representing the peak bodies for professional artists and content creators and many major copyright collecting societies in Australia) has the view that some geo-blocks are TPMs and that using a VPN to get around geo-blocks to download or stream copyright material can be an infringement of copyright. 6
In our view, geo-blocking may be an ACTPM but it is not certain. The analysis is complex - and requires some consideration of:
Deeper analysis is needed of whether the information or process occurs with the permission of the owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright material.
Assuming geo-blocking is an ACTPM and VPN software circumvents it, then doing acts that result in its circumvention are, under the Copyright Act:
Making the same assumption that geo-blocking is a TPM, under the Copyright Act, if the VPN software is a device manufactured, imported, distributed, offered, provided or communicated to circumvent the TPM or a service provided or offered to circumvent a TPM, then selling or providing VPN services would be unlawful if both the following circumstances apply:
There may be a risk of infringing intellectual property rights under Australia's copyright laws for:
If infringing, the Copyright Act provides a range of remedies for copyright owners and their licensees such as civil remedies (such as injunctions) against persons who breach Australia's anti-circumvention laws. In some cases of copyright infringement under the Copyright Act, criminal offences also apply.
In addition to infringement of copyright laws, users and VPN service providers may also be at risk of breaching contractual obligations if they have entered into agreements with the content providers or owners and the commercial arrangement prohibits use of VPNs, or circumvention of ACTPMs, TPMs or geo-blocks.
Also to bear in mind is that Australian copyright laws contains provisions which allow owners of copyright material to obtain an injunction ordering carriage service providers to block websites or online locations where the content infringes copyright.
Some VPN operators may be carriage service providers as that term is categorised under Australian telecommunications laws and an injunction against a VPN operator may be available for permitting users to make use of the carriage service to access websites offering infringing content.
Copyright owners or licensees should:
Manufacturers, suppliers and sellers of VPNs should take advice on these matters and also:
Dentons can assist you with advice on intellectual property protection and risks. Please contact Robyn Chatwood, Joy Atacador, Vanessa Gore, Peter Divitcos or your usual member of the Dentons IP & Technology team for further information.