The Elwha River Restoration: A Case Study in Adaptive Management for Salmon Recovery

The removal of the Elwha and Glines Canyon Dams on the Elwha River, Washington, presented a unique opportunity to study the ecological response of a river ecosystem to large-scale disturbance and subsequent restoration. Central to this effort was the development and implementation of an Adaptive Management (AM) framework aimed at guiding the recovery of Chinook salmon and steelhead trout populations.

Elwha River Dam Removals

The Elwha River, once renowned for its robust salmon runs, experienced significant ecological degradation following the construction of the two dams in the early 20th century. These structures impeded fish migration, altered hydrological regimes, and trapped sediment, leading to a precipitous decline in salmon populations. Decades of advocacy culminated in the Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act of 1992, enabling dam removal, which occurred in phases from 2011 to 2014.

Adaptive Management Framework

Adaptive management is a systematic approach to environmental and conservation management that involves learning from outcomes, adjusting strategies based on new information, and promoting continuous improvement.

Scientists from five federal and state agencies (NOAA Fisheries, the US Department of Fish and Wildlife Service, the US Geological Survey, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and the National Park Service) and the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe established the Elwha Monitoring and Adaptive Management (EMAM) guidelines to aid in the recovery of endangered Chinook salmon and steelhead trout populations.

This framework incorporated a phased approach, with distinct recovery objectives and performance indicators for each of the four recovery phases:

1. Preservation
2. Recolonization
3. Local adaptation
4. Viable natural population

The EMAM also emphasized the importance of monitoring key physical and biological parameters to inform management decisions.

Elwha Monitoring and Evaluation

So, the five federal and state partners and the Tribe also implemented a comprehensive monitoring program to track changes in fish populations, habitat conditions, and water quality. These data were used to assess progress toward recovery goals and identify potential management adjustments.

Key Findings and Challenges

For the past decade, the partners and Tribe have monitored the Elwha ecosystem. Here's some of what they've learned:

• Salmon Response: Chinook salmon populations exhibited signs of recovery, with increases in abundance and distribution. However, adult productivity remained below target levels. Steelhead trout demonstrated more rapid recovery, with populations exceeding reintroduction phase targets.
• Monitoring Effectiveness: The EMAM monitoring program successfully provided critical data for informing management decisions. However, challenges related to data collection and analysis were encountered, particularly with juvenile fish abundance estimates.
• Adaptive Management Implementation: Adapting management actions based on monitoring results was complex due to multiple agencies with varying authorities and responsibilities. Additionally, the legal framework, particularly the Endangered Species Act (ESA), imposed regulatory requirements on management and monitoring activities.
• Performance Indicator Challenges: Defining and measuring appropriate performance indicators proved challenging -- some initial methods and metrics worked well, whereas others did not. The monitoring adapted by shifting resources towards the biological indicators that proved most effective for assessing the impacts of dam removal and restoration of the overall ecosystem.

Salmon Recovery and Sediment Dynamics

Early results from the monitoring program demonstrate that removing the two large Elwha River dams has positively impacted Chinook salmon and steelhead populations. Combined with hatchery management actions and harvest restrictions, researchers found that dam removal led to increased adult fish numbers, expanded habitat use, and a resurgence of naturally produced juvenile salmon.

The removal of the Elwha dams initiated a dramatic transformation of the river's sediment regime. Vast quantities of sediment, previously trapped behind the dams, were released, reshaping the riverbed and creating new habitats. While this process was initially disruptive to salmon populations, once the short-term sediment disturbance was replaced with a more stable natural sediment regime, it improved the ecological condition of river reaches in the former reservoirs and downstream.

Sediment is crucial for salmon spawning and rearing. It provides the substrate for redds, the nests where salmon bury their eggs. Additionally, sediment helps to create diverse aquatic habitats that support a variety of aquatic insects, the primary food source for juvenile salmon.

Hatchery Role and Genetic Considerations

To mitigate the risks associated with dams and later dam removal, the partners implemented hatchery programs for natural salmon populations before, during, and after dam removal. While hatcheries have played a role in maintaining initial salmon numbers, the EMAM calls for long-term reductions in hatchery production.

Re-emergence of Summer Steelhead

A particularly promising development in the Elwha River restoration is the re-emergence of summer steelhead. This life history strategy, once thought to be lost due to the dams, has rebounded, demonstrating the remarkable adaptability of these fish and the importance of providing diverse habitats to support various fish life histories.

Conclusion

While the early results of the Elwha River dam removal project are encouraging, it is important to emphasize that the river's recovery is a long-term process. It will take decades for the ecosystem, including salmon and steelhead populations, to rebound fully.

The Elwha River restoration project offers valuable insights into the complex ecological processes involved in dam removal and river recovery. While challenges remain, the project has demonstrated the potential for large-scale ecosystem restoration and the importance of collaborative partnerships and adaptive management in guiding such complex endeavors.

By carefully monitoring the river's response and adapting management strategies as needed, scientists and managers can continue to learn from the Elwha River experience and apply these lessons to future restoration efforts. The ultimate goal is to restore salmon population abundance and diversity, ensuring the long-term health and resilience of the Elwha River ecosystem.

Much of the science summarized here can be found in this special issue "Large-Scale Dam Removal and Ecosystem Restoration " of the scientific journal Frontiers.

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