How Do You Know If You Have Diabetes? 10 Early Signs to Watch For

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Diabetes affects over 30 million people in the U.S., most of whom have Type 2 diabetes (T2D). You can have prediabetes or T2D for years without knowing it. But, it's possible to prevent and even reverse T2D with lifestyle changes and weight loss.

In contrast, Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that destroys insulin-producing cells. Unlike T2D, T1D can't be prevented or reversed. Symptoms of T1D tend to come on quickly and people can become very unwell without treatment.

Whether you have T1D or T2D, the main problem is high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). Over time, high blood glucose levels cause damage to blood vessels, nerves, tissues, and organs. There's another problem, too: As glucose builds up in blood vessels, it doesn't get into the cells and organs that rely on glucose as their primary source of energy.

All the early signs (and long-term problems) of diabetes are caused by the combination of high glucose in the blood and low glucose in vital cells and organs. Here's what you may notice happening in your body.

1. You feel very thirsty

When you have too much glucose in your blood, your body works hard to flush it out. To get rid of the extra glucose, your body pulls water from your muscles and organs. As a result, you'll feel extremely thirsty and drink more to replenish that water.

2. You need to urinate a lot - and often

A frequent need to urinate goes hand in hand with the thirsty feeling. Once your body pulls water from your other organs, your kidneys will help get rid of the glucose in your blood the only way they know how: by making more urine. And, the more glucose there is in your blood, the more you'll have to use the restroom. In turn, this causes dehydration and greater thirst.

3. Your mouth and skin are dry

Because your body is using a lot of water to get rid of extra glucose, your mouth and skin may start to feel dry, too. You may find that no matter how much you drink or how much lotion you use, your mouth and skin stay dry and itchy.

4. You feel very hungry (even when you're eating)

Insulin helps turn the food you eat into energy. When the insulin your body makes isn't working effectively, your body isn't able to make the energy it needs. Because of this, your body mistakenly thinks it needs to eat more and tells you that you're hungry.

5. You feel very tired

When your body can't convert the food you eat into the energy it needs to function, you'll feel tired and low on energy.

6. You're losing weight unexpectedly

When your body can't get the energy it needs from the food you eat, it begins to burn fat stores instead. This can lead to sudden weight loss, even if you're eating a lot. People with T1D are more likely to have this problem than people with T2D. But it can happen to some people when they first develop T2D.

7. You've got blurry vision

When your blood glucose levels are high, the lenses in your eyes can swell. The swelling can cause blurred vision. This is one of the earliest signs of diabetes. And it's the reason why an eye doctor may suspect that you have diabetes. But the good news is that once diabetes is diagnosed and treated - and your blood glucose gets back within target range - the blurriness should clear up.

8. You have frequent infections or slow healing

High blood glucose levels weaken your immune system, making you more prone to infections. You might notice that infections heal more slowly, or that you're getting more infections than you used to get. Yeast infections and cellulitis are closely associated with high blood glucose, so be on the lookout for these infections in particular.

9. Your skin is discolored

High blood glucose is closely associated with changes to your skin known as acanthosis nigricans. Acanthosis nigricans causes your skin to become dark and velvety in texture. It usually occurs on the back of your neck, by your armpits, or on your forehead. This can be one of the earliest signs of high blood glucose.

10. You feel tingling or numbness in your hands and feet

Having high blood glucose levels over a long period of time can cause nerve damage. This is known as diabetic neuropathy. It usually causes tingling and numbness in your hands and feet. About half of people with diabetes end up getting this type of nerve damage. You have to be living with diabetes for a long time to get this type of nerve damage, so it's not technically an early sign.

How do I know if I have diabetes?

The only way to know for sure if you have diabetes is to get tested for it. If you're regularly noticing any of the above symptoms, don't hesitate to let your doctor's office know. While there's no cure for diabetes, it's a treatable condition. And the earlier prediabetes or diabetes is diagnosed, the better. Early diagnosis can help to lower the risk of long-term complications of diabetes.

When you see your primary care provider, they'll do a physical exam and order blood testing, if needed.

There are three blood tests to diagnose diabetes:

1. A hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C or A1C) test

2. A fasting blood glucose test

3. An oral glucose tolerance test

You won't usually need all three tests.

Here are the ranges for A1C results:

• Normal: A1C below 5.7%

• Prediabetes: A1C between 5.7% and 6.4%

• Diabetes: A1C of 6.5% or higher

Here's how to understand your fasting glucose result:

• Normal: less than 100 mg/dl

• Prediabetes: 100 mg/dl to 125 mg/dl

• Diabetes: 126 mg/dl or higher

Here's what your oral glucose tolerance test results mean:

• Normal: less than 140 mg/dl

• Prediabetes: 140 mg/dl to 199 mg/dl

• Diabetes: 200 mg/dl or higher

As a general rule, if your tests suggest diabetes, you'll get a second set of tests on a different day to confirm the diagnosis. Your medical team will let you know if this is necessary.

Is there anything I can do to prevent diabetes?

T1D isn't a preventable illness. But prediabetes and T2D can be prevented with early treatment and intervention. While some things you can't change (like your genetics, age, and family history), there are other risk factors you can do to lower your risk of developing diabetes.

To help prevent diabetes:

• Get regular medical check-ups. Active management is an important part of preventing or delaying diabetes. Schedule appointments, complete lab work, and pay attention to symptoms of diabetes.

• Make healthy eating a lifelong priority. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends eating more fruits, vegetables, nuts, and whole grains to help lower your risk.

• Stay active. To help lower your risk of developing diabetes, the ADA recommends at least 150 minutes of physical activity a week (that's a little over 20 minutes a day). Create a plan with a healthcare professional to safely increase activity over time.

• If recommended, try to lose weight. Try to lose weight if you have a body mass index that's considered overweight. Carrying excess weight, especially around your middle, raises your risk for diabetes.

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